Bibliography for PL3127 / PL3327 Political Participation in Britain BETA

Abramowitz, Alan I., Almond, Gabriel A, and Verba, Sidney. The Civic Culture Revisited: An Analytic Study. The Little, Brown series in comparative politics. Boston: Little, Brown, 1980. Web. <https://blackboard.le.ac.uk/bbcswebdav/pid-824527-dt-content-rid-2072838_5/library/eReserves/PL3127/PL3127_27698.pdf>.

‘After the Party - What Can Political Parties Learn from 38 Degrees | openDemocracy’. N.p., n.d. Web. <https://www.opendemocracy.net/ourkingdom/james-dennis/after-party-what-can-political-parties-learn-from-38-degrees>.

Almond, Gabriel A and Verba, Sidney. The Civic Culture: Political Attitudes and Democracy in Five Nations. [New ed.]. Newbury Park, Ca: Sage, 1989. Web. <https://eu.alma.exlibrisgroup.com/view/action/uresolver.do?operation=resolveService&amp;package_service_id=7924834800002746&amp;institutionId=2746&amp;customerId=2745>.

Amnå, Erik. Handbook of Digital Politics. Ed. Stephen Coleman and Deen Freelon. Cheltenham, England: Edward Elgar Publishing, 2015. Web. <https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/leicester/detail.action?docID=3563697>.

Anheier, Helmut K., and Stefan Toepler. International Encyclopedia of Civil Society. New York, NY: Springer-Verlag New York, 2010. Web. <http://ezproxy.lib.le.ac.uk/login?url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-93996-4>.

‘Anti-Politics and the Left | Lawrence & Wishart’. N.p., n.d. Web. <https://www.lwbooks.co.uk/renewal/24-2/anti-politics-and-the-left>.

Anwar, Muhammad. ‘The Participation of Ethnic Minorities in British Politics’. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies 27.3 (2001): 533–549. Web.

‘Audit of Political Engagement’. N.p., n.d. Web. <https://www.hansardsociety.org.uk/research/audit-of-political-engagement>.

‘AV Referendum | Politics | The Guardian’. N.p., n.d. Web. <http://www.theguardian.com/politics/av-referendum>.

Baldini, Gianfranco. ‘Democracy, Golden Ages and Balancing Acts—Comment on Flinders, M. (2015) The Problem with Democracy’. Parliamentary Affairs 69.2 (2016): 451–463. Web.

---. ‘Is Britain Facing a Crisis of Democracy?’ The Political Quarterly 86.4 (2015): 540–549. Web.

Bale, T. ‘The Dwindling Tory Party: Is Anybody out There? - Telegraph’. n. pag. Web. <http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/politics/conservative/10323333/The-dwindling-Tory-party-is-anybody-out-there.html>.

Barnes, Samuel H. and Kaase, Max. Political Action: Mass Participation in Five Western Democracies. Beverly Hills, Calif: Sage Publications, 1979. Print.

Bartle, John and Griffiths, Dylan. Political Communications Transformed: From Morrison to Mandelson. Houndmills [England] ; New York: Palgrave, 2001. Web. <http://ezproxy.lib.le.ac.uk/login?url=http://site.ebrary.com/lib/leicester/Doc?id=10045519>.

Baston, Lewis. Don’t Take No for an Answer: The 2011 Referendum and the Future of Electoral Reform. London: Biteback, 2011. Print.

‘BBC News - Conservative Membership Has Nearly Halved under Cameron’. N.p., n.d. Web. <http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-24143443>.

Benewick, Robert and Smith, Trevor. Direct Action and Democratic Politics. Acton Society studies, 1. London: Allen and Unwin, 1972. Print.

Bennie, Lynn, and Andrew Russell. Radical or Compliant? Young Party Members in Britain. N.p., 2012. Web. <https://www.escholar.manchester.ac.uk/api/datastream?publicationPid=uk-ac-man-scw:177225&datastreamId=SUPPLEMENTARY-1.PDF>.

Biezen, I. v., and T. Poguntke. ‘The Decline of Membership-Based Politics’. Party Politics 20.2 (2014): 205–216. Web.

Birch, Sarah, Glenn Gottfried, and Guy Lodge. ‘Divided Democracy. Political Inequality in the UK and Why It Matters’. 2013. Web. <http://www.ippr.org/assets/media/images/media/files/publication/2013/11/divided-democracy_Nov2013_11420.pdf>.

Bogdanor, Vernon. The New British Constitution. Oxford: Hart, 2009. Web. <https://eu.alma.exlibrisgroup.com/view/action/uresolver.do?operation=resolveService&amp;package_service_id=8319189050002746&amp;institutionId=2746&amp;customerId=2745>.

Bowler, Shaun, and Todd Donovan. ‘Civic Duty and Turnout in the UK Referendum on AV: What Shapes the Duty to Vote?’ Electoral Studies 32 (2013): 265–273. Print.

Briggs, Jacqueline. Young People and Political Participation: Teen Players. [London, England]: Palgrave Macmillan, 2017. Web. <https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/leicester/detail.action?docID=4737102>.

‘British Politics in the Age of Uncertainty: The Link between Old, New, and Anti-Politics’. n. pag. Web. <http://eprints.lse.ac.uk/71927/>.

Budge, Ian. ‘DIRECT AND REPRESENTATIVE DEMOCRACY: ARE THEY NECESSARILY OPPOSED?’ Representation 42.1 (2006): 1–12. Web.

Budge, Ian. The New Challenge of Direct Democracy. Cambridge: Polity Press, 1996. Print.

Butler, David and Kitzinger, Uwe. The 1975 Referendum. London: Macmillan, 1976. Print.

Butler, David and Ranney, Austin. Referendums around the World: The Growing Use of Direct Democracy. Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1994. Print.

Butt, Sara, and Rory Fitzgerald. ‘Critical Consensus? Britain’s Expectations and Evaluations of Democracy’. British Social Attitudes 31. Ed. Alison Park, Caroline Bryson, and John Curtice. NatCen, 2014. Web. <http://www.bsa.natcen.ac.uk/latest-report/british-social-attitudes-31/democracy/introduction.aspx>.

Butt, Sarah, and Rory Fitzgerald. ‘Democracy’. British Social Attitudes 31. Ed. Alison Park, John Curtice, and Caroline Bryson. Vol. 31. London: NatCen, 2014. 1–23. Web. <http://www.bsa.natcen.ac.uk/latest-report/british-social-attitudes-31/democracy/introduction.aspx>.

Bynner, John, and Sheena Ashford. ‘Politics and Participation: Some Antecedents of Young People’s Attitudes to the Political System and Political Activity’. European Journal of Social Psychology 24.2 (1994): 223–236. Web.

Byrne, Paul. Social Movements in Britain. Theory and practice in British politics. London: Routledge, 1997. Print.

‘C2D - Centre for Research on Direct Democracy’. N.p., n.d. Web. <http://c2d.ch/>.

Campbell, Rosie. ‘Leaders, Footsoldiers and Befrienders: The Gendered Nature of Social Capital and Political Participation in Britain’. British Politics 8.1 (2013): 28–50. Web.

Cantijoch, Marta. ‘Internet Use and Political Engagement: The Role of E-Campaigning as a Pathway to Online Political Participation’. n. pag. Web. <http://escholarship.org/uc/item/538243k2>.

Cantijoch, Marta, David Cutts, and Rachel Gibson. ‘Moving Slowly up the Ladder of Political Engagement: A “Spill-over” Model of Internet Participation’. The British Journal of Politics and International Relations 18.1 (2016): 26–48. Web.

‘Card-Carried Away: What Does It Mean to Be a Member of a Political Party in Britain Today?’ n. pag. Web. <http://www.newstatesman.com/politics/2015/06/card-carried-away-what-does-it-mean-be-member-political-party-britain-today>.

Casey, Terrence. The Blair Legacy: Politics, Policy, Governance, and Foreign Affairs. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2009. Web. <http://ezproxy.lib.le.ac.uk/login?url=http://www.palgraveconnect.com/doifinder/10.1057/9780230232846>.

Cecilia Emma Sottilotta. ‘The Strategic Use of Government-Sponsored Referendums in Contemporary Europe: Issues and Implications’. Journal of Contemporary European Research 13.4 (2017): n. pag. Web. <https://www.jcer.net/index.php/jcer/article/view/836>.

Chadwick, Andrew. Internet Politics: States, Citizens, and New Communication Technologies. New York ; Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2006. Print.

Chadwick, Andrew, and James Dennis. ‘Social Media, Professional Media and Mobilisation in Contemporary Britain: Explaining the Strengths and Weaknesses of the Citizens’ Movement 38 Degrees’. Political Studies 65.1 (2017): 42–60. Web.

---. ‘Social Media, Professional Media and Mobilisation in Contemporary Britain: Explaining the Strengths and Weaknesses of the Citizens’ Movement 38 Degrees’. Political Studies 65.1 (2017): 42–60. Web.

Chadwick, Andrew and Howard, Philip N. Routledge Handbook of Internet Politics. New York, NY: Routledge, 2008. Web. <http://le.alma.exlibrisgroup.com/view/action/uresolver.do?operation=resolveService&package_service_id=5663607980002746&institutionId=2746&customerId=2745>.

Chadwick, Andrew, and Jennifer Stromer-Galley. ‘Digital Media, Power, and Democracy in Parties and Election Campaigns’. The International Journal of Press/Politics 21.3 (2016): 283–293. Web.

CHILDS, SARAH. ‘A British Gender Gap? Gender and Political Participation’. The Political Quarterly 75.4 (2004): 422–424. Web.

‘Citizenship and Civic Engagement Committee - UK Parliament’. N.p., n.d. Web. <http://www.parliament.uk/business/committees/committees-a-z/lords-select/citizenship-civic-engagement/>.

Clark, Alistair. Political Parties in the UK. 2nd ed. 2018. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2018. Print.

Clarke, Harold D. et al. Austerity and Political Choice in Britain. Palgrave Pivot. Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan, 2016. Web. <http://ezproxy.lib.le.ac.uk/login?url=http://lib.myilibrary.com?id=879659>.

Clarke, Harold D. Performance Politics and the British Voter. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2009. Web. <http://site.ebrary.com/lib/leicester/Doc?id=10329741>.

Clarke, Nick et al. ‘Changing Spaces of Political Encounter and the Rise of Anti-Politics: Evidence from Mass Observation’s General Election Diaries’. Political Geography 56 (2017): 13–23. Web.

---. The Good Politician Folk Theories, Political Interaction, and the Rise of Anti-Politics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2018. Print.

---. The Good Politician Folk Theories, Political Interaction, and the Rise of Anti-Politics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2018. Print.

Coleman, S., and S. Ward. ‘Spinning the Web: Online Campaigning in the 2005 General Election’. 2005. Web. <http://www.hansardsociety.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2012/10/Spinning-the-Web-2005.pdf>.

Cotton, Ross, and Cary Fontana. ‘Political Parties at Critical Junctures: Explaining the Decisions to Offer Referendums on Constitutional Change in the United Kingdom’. Contemporary British History (2018): 1–27. Web.

Cowley, Philip, and Robert Anthony Ford, eds. More Sex, Lies & the Ballot Box: Another 50 Things You Need to Know about British Elections. London: Biteback Publishing, 2016. Print.

Cowley, Philip, and Dennis Kavanagh. The British General Election of 2017. Basingtoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2018. Print.

Coxall, W. N. Pressure Groups in British Politics. Harlow: Longman, 2001. Print.

Curtice, J. ‘The Electoral Reform Society Blog’. N.p., n.d. Web. <http://www.electoral-reform.org.uk/blog/the-av-referendum-what-went-wrong>.

---. ‘Turnout: Electors Stay Home--Again’. Parliamentary Affairs 58.4 (2005): 776–785. Web.

Curtice, John. ‘Brexit’. British Social Attitudes 34. Ed. Elizabeth Clery, John Curtice, and Roger Harding. Vol. 34. London: NatCen, 2017. Web. <http://www.bsa.natcen.ac.uk/latest-report/british-social-attitudes-34/brexit.aspx>.

---. ‘Politicians, Voters and Democracy: The 2011 UK Referendum on the Alternative Vote’. Electoral Studies 32 (2013): 215–223. Print.

---. ‘Politics’. British Social Attitudes 33. Ed. John Curtice, Miranda Phillips, and Elizabeth Clery. NatCen, 2016. Web. <http://www.bsa.natcen.ac.uk/latest-report/british-social-attitudes-33/politics.aspx>.

---. ‘The Death of a Miserable Little Compromise: The Alternative Vote Referendum’. Political Insight 2.2 (2011): 14–17. Web.

Curtice, John, and Ben Seyd. ‘Constitutional Reform: A Recipe  for Restoring Faith in Our Democracy?’ British Social Attitudes 29. Ed. Alison Park et al. NatCen, 2012. Web. <http://www.bsa.natcen.ac.uk/latest-report/british-social-attitudes-29/constitutional-reform/introduction.aspx>.

Curtice, John, and Ian Simpson. ‘Voting’. British Social Attitudes 35. Ed. Daniel Phillips et al. London: NatCen, 2018. 1–29. Web. <http://bsa.natcen.ac.uk/latest-report/british-social-attitudes-35/voting.aspx>.

Dalton, Russell J. The Participation Gap: Social Status and Political Inequality. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2017. Web. <https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/leicester/detail.action?docID=5090818>.

---. The Participation Gap: Social Status and Political Inequality. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2017. Web. <https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/leicester/detail.action?docID=5090818>.

Dalton, Russell J., and Hans-Dieter Klingemann. The Oxford Handbook of Political Behavior. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009. Web. <https://eu.alma.exlibrisgroup.com/view/action/uresolver.do?operation=resolveService&amp;package_service_id=8090668850002746&amp;institutionId=2746&amp;customerId=2745>.

---. The Oxford Handbook of Political Behavior. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009. Web. <https://eu.alma.exlibrisgroup.com/view/action/uresolver.do?operation=resolveService&amp;package_service_id=8090668850002746&amp;institutionId=2746&amp;customerId=2745>.

---. The Oxford Handbook of Political Behavior. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009. Web. <https://eu.alma.exlibrisgroup.com/view/action/uresolver.do?operation=resolveService&amp;package_service_id=8090668850002746&amp;institutionId=2746&amp;customerId=2745>.

---. The Oxford Handbook of Political Behavior. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009. Web. <https://eu.alma.exlibrisgroup.com/view/action/uresolver.do?operation=resolveService&amp;package_service_id=8090668850002746&amp;institutionId=2746&amp;customerId=2745>.

Dalton, Russell J. and Wattenberg, Martin P. Parties without Partisans: Political Change in Advanced Industrial Democracies. Comparative politics. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000. Web. <http://ezproxy.lib.le.ac.uk/login?url=http://site.ebrary.com/lib/leicester/Doc?id=10273305>.

Dalton, Russell J., and Christian Welzel, eds. The Civic Culture Transformed: From Allegiant to Assertive Citizens. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press, 2014. Print.

‘Database by Country | MAPP Project’. N.p., n.d. Web. <http://www.projectmapp.eu/database-country/>.

de Moor, Joost. ‘Lifestyle Politics and the Concept of Political Participation’. Acta Politica (2016): n. pag. Web.

DeBardeleben, Joan and Pammett, Jon H. Activating the Citizen: Dilemmas of Participation in Europe and Canada. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2009. Web. <http://ezproxy.lib.le.ac.uk/login?url=http://www.palgraveconnect.com/doifinder/10.1057/9780230240902>.

Della Porta, Donatella, and Mario Diani. Social Movements: An Introduction. 2nd Revised edition. Oxford: John Wiley and Sons Ltd, 2006. Web. <http://ezproxy.lib.le.ac.uk/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&amp;db=nlebk&amp;AN=141284>.

‘Democratic Audit UK’. N.p., n.d. Web. <http://www.democraticaudit.com/>.

Dennis, James. Beyond Slacktivism. 1st ed. 2019. Cham: Springer Nature Switzerland AG, 2018. Web. <https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/leicester/detail.action?docID=5568402>.

Denver, D. T., Carman, Christopher, and Johns, Robert. Elections and Voters in Britain. 3rd ed. Contemporary political studies. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2012. Print.

Denver, David. ‘The Results: How Britain Voted’. Parliamentary Affairs 68.suppl 1 (2015): 5–24. Web.

---. ‘The Results: How Britain Voted1’. Parliamentary Affairs 71.suppl_1 (2018): 8–28. Web.

Denver, David, and Mark Garnett. British General Elections Since 1964: Diversity, Dealignment, and Disillusion. Oxford University Press, USA, 2014. Web. <https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/leicester/detail.action?docID=1635569>.

Deth, Jan Van. Private Groups and Public Life: Social Participation. European political science series. London: Taylor & Francis, 1997. Web. <http://lib.myilibrary.com?id=5575>.

Deth, Jan W. van and Maloney, William A. New Participatory Dimensions in Civil Society: Professionalization and Individualized Collective Action. Routledge/ECPR studies in European political science. Abingdon: Routledge, 2012. Web. <http://site.ebrary.com/lib/leicester/Doc?id=10545502>.

Deth, Jan W. van, José R. Montero, and Anders Westholm. Citizenship and Involvement in European Democracies: A Comparative Analysis. Routledge research in comparative politics. London: Routledge, 2006. Print.

di Gennaro, C. ‘The Internet and the Public: Online and Offline Political Participation in the United Kingdom’. Parliamentary Affairs 59.2 (2006): 299–313. Web.

‘Direct Democracy Database | International IDEA’. N.p., n.d. Web. <http://www.idea.int/data-tools/data/direct-democracy>.

Doherty, B. ‘“The Preferred Way of Doing Things”: The British Direct Action Movement’. Parliamentary Affairs 56.4 (2003): 669–686. Web.

Doherty, Brian et al. ‘Explaining the Fuel Protests’. The British Journal of Politics and International Relations 5.1 (2003): 1–23. Web.

---. ‘Paving the Way: The Rise of Direct Action against Road-Building and the Changing Character of British Environmentalism’. Political Studies 47.2 (1999): 275–291. Web.

Dominic Wring. ‘Exit Velocity: The Media Election’. Parliamentary Affairs 68.suppl 1 (2015): 224–240. Web. <http://pa.oxfordjournals.org/content/68/suppl_1/224.full.pdf+html>.

‘Don’t Knock Clickivism: It Represents the Political Participation Aspirations of the Modern Citizen | The Policy and Internet Blog’. N.p., n.d. Web. <http://blogs.oii.ox.ac.uk/policy/dont-knock-clickivism-it-represents-the-political-participation-aspirations-of-the-modern-citizen/>.

Dorey, Peter. The Major Premiership: Politics and Policies under John Major, 1990-97. Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1999. Web. <http://ezproxy.lib.le.ac.uk/login?url=http://site.ebrary.com/lib/leicester/Doc?id=5001712>.

Dunleavy, Patrick. Developments in British Politics 6. Basingstoke: Macmillan, 2000. Print.

---. Developments in British Politics 7. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2003. Print.

---. Developments in British Politics 8. Basingstoke: Macmillan, 2006. Print.

‘Election Analysis | UK Election Analysis 2015: Media, Voters and the Campaign’. N.p., n.d. Web. <http://www.electionanalysis.uk/>.

Electoral Commission. ‘Police and Crime Commissioner Elections in England and Wales. Report on the Administration of the Elections Held on 15 November 2012’. 2013. Web. <http://www.electoralcommission.org.uk/__data/assets/pdf_file/0003/154353/PCC-Elections-Report.pdf>.

---. ‘Scottish Independence Referendum: Report on the Referendum Held on 18 September 2014’. 2014. Web. <http://www.electoralcommission.org.uk/__data/assets/pdf_ file/0010/179812/Scottish-independence-referendum-report.pdf>.

---. ‘Voter Engagement among Black and Minority Ethnic Communities’. 2002. Web. <http://www.electoralcommission.org.uk/__data/assets/electoral_commission_pdf_file/0020/16094/Ethnicfinalreport_11586-6190__E__N__S__W__.pdf>.

‘Electoral Commission | 2011 UK Referendum on the Voting System Used to Elect MPs - Results’. N.p., n.d. Web. <http://www.electoralcommission.org.uk/find-information-by-subject/elections-and-referendums/past-elections-and-referendums/referendums/2011-UK-referendum-on-the-voting-system-used-to-elect-MPs>.

‘Electoral Commission | EU Referendum Result Visualisations’. N.p., n.d. Web. <https://www.electoralcommission.org.uk/find-information-by-subject/elections-and-referendums/past-elections-and-referendums/eu-referendum/eu-referendum-result-visualisations>.

‘Electoral Commission | Home’. N.p., n.d. Web. <http://www.electoralcommission.org.uk/>.

‘EU Referendum: Were Young People Less Likely to Vote? - BBC News’. N.p., n.d. Web. <http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-36737374>.

European Consortium for Political Research. The Challenges of Intra-Party Democracy. Ed. William P. Cross and Richard S. Katz. Comparative politics. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2013. Print.

Evans, Geoffrey and Norris, Pippa. Critical Elections: British Parties and Voters in Long-Term Perspective. London: SAGE, 1999. Web. <http://ezproxy.lib.le.ac.uk/login?url=https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/leicester/detail.action?docID=537771>.

---. Critical Elections: British Parties and Voters in Long-Term Perspective. London: SAGE, 1999. Web. <http://ezproxy.lib.le.ac.uk/login?url=https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/leicester/detail.action?docID=537771>.

Fisher, Justin. ‘Whither the Parties?’ Constitutional Futures Revisited. Ed. Robert Hazell. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2008. 249–266. Web. <http://ezproxy.lib.le.ac.uk/login?url=http://www.palgraveconnect.com/doifinder/10.1057/9780230595088>.

Fisher, Justin, Edward Fieldhouse, and David Cutts. ‘Members Are Not the Only Fruit: Volunteer Activity in British Political Parties at the 2010 General Election’. The British Journal of Politics & International Relations 16.1 (2014): 75–95. Web.

Flinders, Matthew. ‘The Problem with Democracy’. Parliamentary Affairs 69.1 (2016): 181–203. Web.

Fox, R. ‘Engagement and Participation: What the Public Want and How Our Politicians Need to Respond’. Parliamentary Affairs 62.4 (2009): 673–685. Web.

Fox, S. ‘Is It Time to Update the Definition of Political Participation? Political Participation in Britain: The Decline and Revival of Civic Culture’. Parliamentary Affairs (2013): 1–11. Web.

Furlong, A., and F. Cartmel. ‘Social Change and Political Engagement Among Young People: Generation and the 2009/2010 British Election Survey’. Parliamentary Affairs 65.1 (2012): 13–28. Web.

Garcia Albacete, Gema. Young People’s Political Participation in Western Europe. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2014. Print.

Gauja, Anika. ‘The Individualisation of Party Politics: The Impact of Changing Internal Decision-Making Processes on Policy Development and Citizen Engagement’. The British Journal of Politics & International Relations (2013): n. pag. Web.

---. The Politics of Party Policy: From Members to Legislators. Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan, 2013. Web. <http://ezproxy.lib.le.ac.uk/login?url=http://lib.myilibrary.com?id=471879>.

Gavin, Neil T. ‘Pressure Group Direct Action on Climate Change: The Role of the Media and the Web in Britain-A Case Study’. The British Journal of Politics & International Relations 12.3 (2010): 459–475. Web.

Gibson, R., and M. Cantijoch. ‘2010 May Not Have Marked the First “Internet Election”, but Digital Platforms Are of Ever Increasing Importance in Political Campaigning | British Politics and Policy at LSE’. British Politics and Policy at LSE. N.p., n.d. Web. <http://blogs.lse.ac.uk/politicsandpolicy/archives/16525>.

Gibson, R., M. Cantijoch, and S. Ward, eds. ‘The Internet and the 2010 Election; Putting the Small “p” Back in Politics?’ 2010. Web. <http://www.hansardsociety.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2012/10/The-internet-and-the-2010-election-2010.pdf>.

Gibson, Rachel, and Marta Cantijoch. ‘Conceptualizing and Measuring Participation in the Age of the Internet: Is Online Political Engagement Really Different to Offline?’ The Journal of Politics 75.3 (2013): 701–716. Print.

Gibson, Rachel K. ‘NEW MEDIA AND THE REVITALISATION OF POLITICS’. Representation 45.3 (2009): 289–299. Web.

Gibson, Rachel K., Wainer Lusoli, and Stephen Ward. ‘Online Participation in the UK: Testing a “Contextualised” Model of Internet Effects1’. The British Journal of Politics and International Relations 7.4 (2005): 561–583. Web.

Gibson, Rachel, Nixon, P. G., and Ward, Stephen. Political Parties and the Internet: Net Gain? London: Routledge, 2003. Print.

Goerres, Achim. The Political Participation of Older People in Europe: The Greying of Our Democracies. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2009. Web. <http://ezproxy.lib.le.ac.uk/login?url=http://www.palgraveconnect.com/doifinder/10.1057/9780230233959>.

Goodwin, Matthew J. ‘Activism in Contemporary Extreme Right Parties: The Case of the British National Party (BNP)’. Journal of Elections, Public Opinion & Parties 20.1 (2010): 31–54. Web.

Goodwin, Matthew J., and Oliver Heath. ‘The 2016 Referendum, Brexit and the Left Behind: An Aggregate-Level Analysis of the Result’. Political Quarterly 87.3 (2016): 323–332. Web.

Grant, W. ‘Pressure Politics: A Politics of Collective Consumption?’ Parliamentary Affairs 58.2 (2005): 366–379. Web.

---. ‘Pressure Politics: From “Insider” Politics to Direct Action?’ Parliamentary Affairs 54.2 (2001): 337–348. Web. <http://pa.oxfordjournals.org/content/54/2/337.full.pdf+html>.

---. ‘Pressure Politics: The Challenges for Democracy’. Parliamentary Affairs 56.2 (2003): 297–308. Web.

---. ‘Pressure Politics: The Changing World of Pressure Groups’. Parliamentary Affairs 57.2 (2004): 408–419. Web.

Grant, Wyn. Business and Politics in Britain. 2nd ed. Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1993. Print.

---. Pressure Groups and British Politics. Contemporary political studies. Basingstoke: Macmillan Press, 2000. Print.

---. Pressure Groups, Politics and Democracy in Britain. 2nd ed. Contemporary political studies. New York: Harvester Wheatsheaf, 1995. Print.

Grant, Wyn. ‘Pressure Politics: The Role of Pressure Groups’. Political Insight 5.2 (2014): 12–15. Web.

---. ‘The Changing Patterns of Group Politics in Britain’. British Politics 3.2 (2008): 204–222. Web.

Gurr, Ted Robert. Why Men Rebel. 40th anniversary ed. E. Boulder: Paradigm, 2012. Web. <http://ezproxy.lib.le.ac.uk/login?url=http://lib.myilibrary.com?id=870103>.

Halpin, Darren. Surviving Global Change? Routledge, 2017. Web. <https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/leicester/detail.action?docID=5164703>.

---. Surviving Global Change? Routledge, 2017. Web. <https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/leicester/detail.action?docID=5164703>.

Halupka, Max. ‘Clicktivism: A Systematic Heuristic’. Policy & Internet 6.2 (2014): 115–132. Web.

---. ‘The Rise of Information Activism: How to Bridge Dualisms and Reconceptualise Political Participation’. Information, Communication & Society 19.10 (2016): 1487–1503. Web.

Harris, J. ‘Welcome to the First E-Election | Politics | The Guardian’. The Guardian n. pag. Web. <http://www.theguardian.com/politics/2010/mar/17/labour-conservatives-general-election-online>.

Haute, Emilie van. Party Membership in Europe: Exploration into the Anthills of Party Politics. Science politique. Brussels: Editions de Université de Bruxelles, 2011. Print.

Hay, Colin. New Directions in Political Science: Responding to the Challenges of an Interdependent World. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2010. Print.

Hay, Colin, and Gerry Stoker. ‘REVITALISING POLITICS: HAVE WE LOST THE PLOT?’ Representation 45.3 (2009): 225–236. Web.

Heath, Oliver, and Matthew Goodwin. ‘The 2017 General Election, Brexit and the Return to Two-Party Politics: An Aggregate-Level Analysis of the Result’. The Political Quarterly (2017): n. pag. Web.

Heffernan, Richard et al., eds. Developments in British Politics 10. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2016. Print.

Heffernan, Richard, Cowley, Philip, and Hay, Colin. Developments in British Politics 9. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2011. Print.

---. Developments in British Politics 9. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2011. Print.

Helm, T. ‘How the 2010 Election Will Be Won by Blogs and Tweets | Politics | The Observer’. The Observer n. pag. Web. <http://www.theguardian.com/politics/2010/jan/03/labour-tory-internet-campaigns>.

Henn, M., and N. Foard. ‘Young People, Political Participation and Trust in Britain’. Parliamentary Affairs 65.1 (2012): 47–67. Web.

Henn, Matt, and Nick Foard. ‘Social Differentiation in Young People’s Political Participation: The Impact of Social and Educational Factors on Youth Political Engagement in Britain’. Journal of Youth Studies (2013): 1–21. Web.

Henn, Matt, and Mark Weinstein. ‘Young People and Political (in)Activism: Why Don’t Young People Vote?’ Policy & Politics 34.3 (2006): 517–534. Web.

Henn, Matt, Mark Weinstein, and Sarah Forrest. ‘Uninterested Youth? Young People’s Attitudes towards Party Politics in Britain’. Political Studies 53.3 (2005): 556–578. Web.

Henn, Matt, Mark Weinstein, and Sarah Hodgkinson. ‘Social Capital and Political Participation: Understanding the Dynamics of Young People’s Political Disengagement in Contemporary Britain’. Social Policy and Society 6.04 (2007): n. pag. Web.

HENN, MATT, MARK WEINSTEIN, and DOMINIC WRING. ‘A Generation Apart? Youth and Political Participation in Britain’. The British Journal of Politics and International Relations 4.2 (2002): 167–192. Web.

Henry E. Brady, Sidney Verba and Kay Lehman Schlozman. ‘Beyond Ses: A Resource Model of Political Participation’. The American Political Science Review 89.2 (1995): 271–294. Web. <http://www.jstor.org/stable/2082425>.

Hindman, Matthew Scott. The Myth of Digital Democracy. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 2009. Web. <http://ezproxy.lib.le.ac.uk/login?url=http://www.myilibrary.com?id=296467>.

‘HM Government E-Petitions’. N.p., n.d. Web. <http://epetitions.direct.gov.uk/>.

Hooghe, Mark, Bengü Hosch-Dayican, and Jan W van Deth. ‘Conceptualizing Political Participation’. Acta Politica 49 (2014): 337–348. Web.

House of Commons Political and Constitutional Reform Committee. ‘Voter Engagement in the UK: Fourth Report of the 2014- 2015 Session, HC232’. 2014. Web. <http://www.parliament.uk/voter-engagement-in-the-uk>.

House of Commons Select Committee on Political and Constitutional Reform. ‘Political and Constitutional Reform - Fourth Report.  Voter Engagement in the UK’. Web. <http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm201415/cmselect/cmpolcon/232/23202.htm>.

‘House of Lords - Referendums in the United Kingdom - Constitution Committee’. 2010. Web. <http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/ld200910/ldselect/ldconst/99/9902.htm>.

‘How Momentum Got Britain’s Youth Interested in Politics | British Politics and Policy at LSE’. N.p., n.d. Web. <http://blogs.lse.ac.uk/politicsandpolicy/how-momentum-got-young-people-interested-in-formal-politics/>.

‘How Should Politicians Reconnect with Voters? - BBC News’. N.p., n.d. Web. <http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/election-2017-40000449>.

Huhne, Chris. ‘REVITALISING POLITICS: RESPONDING TO THE CHALLENGE’. Representation 45.3 (2009): 325–335. Web.

Jennings, Will, Gerry Stoker, and Joe Twyman. ‘The Dimensions and Impact of Political Discontent in Britain’. Parliamentary Affairs (2016): n. pag. Web.

---. ‘The Dimensions and Impact of Political Discontent in Britain’. Parliamentary Affairs (2016): n. pag. Web.

Johnson, C., and B. Marshall. ‘Political Engagement among Young People: An Update’. Web. <http://ec.clients.squiz.co.uk/__data/assets/electoral_commission_pdf_file/0016/16135/Politicalengagementamongyoungpeople_14096-10669__E__N__S__W__.pdf>.

Jordan, A. G. and Maloney, William A. Democracy and Interest Groups: Enhancing Participation? New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2007. Print.

---. The Protest Business?: Mobilizing Campaign Groups. Issues in environmental politics. Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1997. Print.

‘Joseph Rowntree Reform Trust - State of the Nation Surveys’. N.p., n.d. Web. <http://www.jrrt.org.uk/publications>.

Jowell, Roger and National Centre for Social Research. British Social Attitudes: The 16th Report: Who Shares the New Labour Values? Aldershot: Ashgate, 1999. Print.

Joyce, P, and Peter Dr Joyce. Politics of Protest, The: Extra-Parliamentary Politics in Britain Since 1970. Palgrave MacMillan, 2002. Print.

Katz, Richard S, and William J Crotty. Handbook of Party Politics. London: SAGE Publications Ltd, 2012. Print.

Kellner, Peter. ‘Down with People Power’. Prospect n. pag. Web. <http://www.prospectmagazine.co.uk/features/downwithpeoplepower>.

KELSO, ALEXANDRA. ‘Parliament and Political Disengagement: Neither Waving nor Drowning’. The Political Quarterly 78.3 (2007): 364–373. Web.

Kimberlee, Richard H. ‘Why Don’t British Young People Vote at General Elections?’ Journal of Youth Studies 5.1 (2002): 85–98. Web.

King, A. ‘Why a Poor Turn-out Points to a Democracy in Good Health - Telegraph’. N.p., n.d. Web. <http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1331055/Why-a-poor-turn-out-points-to-a-democracy-in-good-health.html>.

King, Anthony. Britain Says Yes: The 1975 Referendum on the Common Market. AEI studies. Washington, D.C.: American Enterprise Institute for Public Policy Research, 1977. Print.

---. The British Constitution. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2007. Web. <http://ezproxy.lib.le.ac.uk/login?url=http://www.myilibrary.com?id=238231>.

Klingemann, Hans-Dieter and Fuchs, Dieter. Citizens and the State. Beliefs in government. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1995. Web. <https://blackboard.le.ac.uk/bbcswebdav/pid-824511-dt-content-rid-2072834_5/library/eReserves/PL3127/PL3127_27694.pdf>.

Kölln, Ann-Kristin. ‘Party Membership in Europe’. Party Politics 22.4 (2016): 465–477. Web.

Kriesi, Hanspeter. New Social Movements in Western Europe: A Comparative Analysis. Social movements, protest, and contention. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1995. Web. <http://site.ebrary.com/lib/leicester/Doc?id=10159405>.

Kuhn, Raymond. Politics and the Media in Britain. Contemporary political studies. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2007. Print.

Kyriakos, Demetriou  N, ed. Democracy in Transition: Political Participation in the European Union. Springer, 2013. Web. <http://ezproxy.lib.le.ac.uk/login?url=http://lib.myilibrary.com?id=425838>.

Lawrence LeDuc. ‘Why Did Britain Vote for Change When so Many Referendums End in the Status Quo?’ The Conversation n. pag. Web. <https://theconversation.com/why-did-britain-vote-for-change-when-so-many-referendums-end-in-the-status-quo-61970>.

Lawrence, Matthew, and Sarah Birch. ‘The Democracy Commission: Reforming Democracy to Combat Political Inequality’. Web. <http://www.ippr.org/files/publications/pdf/democracy-commission_Aug2015.pdf?noredirect=1>.

LeDuc, Lawrence. ‘Referendums and Deliberative Democracy’. Electoral Studies 38 (2015): 139–148. Web.

LeDuc, Lawrence. The Politics of Direct Democracy: Referendums in Global Perspective. Peterborough, Ont: Broadview Press, 2003. Web. <http://le.alma.exlibrisgroup.com/view/action/uresolver.do?operation=resolveService&package_service_id=5664316980002746&institutionId=2746&customerId=2745>.

LeDuc, Lawrence, Richard G. Niemi, and Pippa Norris, eds. Comparing Democracies 4: Elections and Voting in a Changing World. Fourth edition. Los Angeles: SAGE, 2014. Print.

Lee, Lucy, and Penny Young. ‘A Disengaged Britain? Political Interest and Participation  over 30 Years’. British Social Attitudes 30. Ed. Alison Park et al. NatCen, 2013. Web. <http://www.bsa.natcen.ac.uk/latest-report/british-social-attitudes-30/politics/introduction.aspx>.

Lent, Adam. British Social Movements since 1945: Sex, Colour, Peace and Power. Contemporary history in context series. Basingstoke: Palgrave, 2001. Print.

Lent, Adam. ‘The Transformation of Gay and Lesbian Politics in Britain1’. The British Journal of Politics and International Relations 5.1 (2003): 24–49. Web.

Lilleker, Darren G., and Karolina Koc-Michalska. ‘What Drives Political Participation? Motivations and Mobilization in a Digital Age’. Political Communication 34.1 (2017): 21–43. Web.

Low, Mark. ‘The Changing Nature of Activist Engagement within the Conservative Party: A Review of Susan Scarrow’s Task-Orientated Approach to Party Membership’. British Politics (2013): n. pag. Web.

Lowndes, Vivien. ‘Getting On or Getting By? Women, Social Capital and Political Participation’. The British Journal of Politics and International Relations 6.1 (2004): 45–64. Web.

Lukas Audickas. ‘Membership of UK Political Parties’. n. pag. Web. <https://researchbriefings.parliament.uk/ResearchBriefing/Summary/SN05125>.

Lusoli, Wainer, and Stephen Ward. ‘Digital Rank-and-File: Party Activists’ Perceptions and Use of the Internet’. The British Journal of Politics and International Relations 6.4 (2004): 453–470. Web.

Mair, P., and I. van Biezen. ‘Party Membership in Twenty European Democracies, 1980-2000’. Party Politics 7.1 (2001): 5–21. Web.

‘Major UK Demonstrations and Protests Listed: Which One Was Biggest? | News | Theguardian.Com’. N.p., n.d. Web. <http://www.theguardian.com/news/datablog/2011/mar/28/demonstrations-protests-uk-list>.

Maloney, William. ‘INTEREST GROUPS AND THE REVITALISATION OF DEMOCRACY: ARE WE EXPECTING TOO MUCH?’ Representation 45.3 (2009): 277–287. Web.

Marsh, Alan. Protest and Political Consciousness. Sage library of social research. Beverly Hills, Calif: Sage Publications, 1977. Print.

Marsh, David, O’Toole, Therese, and Jones, Su. Young People and Politics in the UK: Apathy or Alienation? Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2007. Print.

---. Young People and Politics in the UK: Apathy or Alienation? Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2007. Print.

---. Young People and Politics in the UK: Apathy or Alienation? Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2007. Print.

Marsh, David, Emma Vines, and Max Halupka. ‘Two Cheers for Richards and Smith: Beyond Anti-Politics?’ The Political Quarterly 87.3 (2016): 383–388. Web.

Marsh, Ian. ‘Democratic Discontents. Comment on: Flinders, M. (2015) The Problem with Democracy’. Parliamentary Affairs 69.1 (2016): 207–210. Web.

McAllister, Ian. ‘Explaining Turnout in the 2001 British General Election∗’. Representation 38.3 (2001): 256–267. Web.

McAllister, L. ‘The Welsh Devolution Referendum: Definitely, Maybe?’ Parliamentary Affairs 51.2 (1998): 149–165. Print.

Mchugh, D. ‘Wanting to Be Heard But Not Wanting to Act? Addressing Political Disengagement’. Parliamentary Affairs 59.3 (2006): 546–552. Web.

Milner, Henry. The Internet Generation: Engaged Citizens or Political Dropouts. Civil society, historical and contemporary perspectives. Lebanon NH: University Press of New England, 2010. Web. <http://ezproxy.lib.le.ac.uk/login?url=http://site.ebrary.com/lib/leicester/Doc?id=10395900>.

Mitchell, James, Bennie, Lynn G., and Johns, Robert. The Scottish National Party: Transition to Power. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2012. Print.

Mitchell, James, Lynn Bennie, and Rob Johns. ‘Referendum as Platform: The SNP and Scottish Green Membership Surge’. Political Insight 8.3 (2017): 16–19. Print.

Morel, Laurence, and Matt Qvortrup, eds. The Routledge Handbook to Referendums and Direct Democracy. London, [England]: Routledge, 2018. Web. <https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/leicester/detail.action?docID=5185375>.

Muller, Edward N. Aggressive Political Participation. New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 1979. Print.

Mycock, A., and J. Tonge. ‘The Party Politics of Youth Citizenship and Democratic Engagement’. Parliamentary Affairs 65.1 (2012): 138–161. Web.

‘New Paper by Professor Matt Qvortrup: “A Tale of Two Referendums” | The Constitution Society: Working to Promote Informed Debate about Constitutional Reform’. N.p., n.d. Web. <http://www.consoc.org.uk/2015/09/new-paper-by-professor-matt-qvortrup-a-tale-of-two-referendums/>.

Nielsen, Jorgen S., ed. Muslim Political Participation in Europe. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2014. Web. <http://ezproxy.lib.le.ac.uk/login?url=http://lib.myilibrary.com?id=479626>.

Norris, Pippa. Britain Votes, 2001. Hansard Society. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001. Print.

Norris, Pippa. Democratic Deficit: Critical Citizens Revisited. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2011. Print.

Norris, Pippa. Democratic Phoenix: Reinventing Political Activism. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002. Print.

---. Democratic Phoenix: Reinventing Political Activism. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002. Print.

---. Democratic Phoenix: Reinventing Political Activism. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002. Print.

---. Democratic Phoenix: Reinventing Political Activism. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002. Print.

---. Digital Divide: Civic Engagement, Information Poverty, and the Internet Worldwide. Communication, society and politics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001. Print.

Norris, Pippa. Digital Divide? Civic Engagement, Information Poverty and the Internet Worldwide. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001. Print.

---. ‘Gender Differences in Political Participation in Britain: Traditional, Radical and Revisionist Models’. Government and Opposition 26.01 (1991): 56–74. Web.

Norris, Pippa and Gavin, Neil T. Britain Votes, 1997. Series in politics and government. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1997. Print.

Oliver Hawkins. ‘UK Election Statistics: 1918-2017’. n. pag. Web. <http://researchbriefings.parliament.uk/ResearchBriefing/Summary/CBP-7529>.

O’Toole, Therese et al. ‘Tuning out or Left out? Participation and Non-Participation among Young People’. Contemporary Politics 9.1 (2003): 45–61. Web.

O’Toole, Therese, David Marsh, and Su Jones. ‘Political Literacy Cuts Both Ways: The Politics of Non-Participation among Young People’. The Political Quarterly 74.3 (2003): 349–360. Web.

Page, Edward C. ‘The Insider/Outsider Distinction: An Empirical Investigation’. The British Journal of Politics and International Relations 1.2 (1999): 205–214. Web.

‘Papers and Publications | ESRC Party Members Project (PMP)’. N.p., n.d. Web. <https://esrcpartymembersproject.org/papers-publications/>.

Park, Alison. British Social Attitudes: The 20th Report : Continuity and Change over Two Decades. London: SAGE, 2003. Web. <http://ezproxy.lib.le.ac.uk/login?url=http://site.ebrary.com/lib/leicester/Doc?id=10080878>.

---. British Social Attitudes: The 21st Report : Continuity and Change over Two Decades. London: SAGE, 2004. Web. <http://site.ebrary.com/lib/leicester/Doc?id=10256787>.

---. British Social Attitudes: The 21st Report : Continuity and Change over Two Decades. London: SAGE, 2004. Web. <http://site.ebrary.com/lib/leicester/Doc?id=10256787>.

---. British Social Attitudes: The 28th Report. 2011th-2012 edition ed. Los Angeles, Calif: Sage, 2012. Web. <http://www.bsa.natcen.ac.uk/latest-report/british-social-attitudes-28/political-engagement.aspx>.

Park, Alison and National Centre for Social Research. British Social Attitudes: The 19th Report. London: SAGE, 2002. Web. <http://ezproxy.lib.le.ac.uk/login?url=http://site.ebrary.com/lib/leicester/detail.action?docID=10348609>.

---. British Social Attitudes: The 24th Report. London: SAGE, 2008. Web. <http://le.alma.exlibrisgroup.com/view/action/uresolver.do?operation=resolveService&package_service_id=5664380620002746&institutionId=2746&customerId=2745>.

---. British Social Attitudes: The 26th Report. London: SAGE, 2010. Web. <https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/leicester/detail.action?docID=254593>.

Parry, Geraint, and George Moyser. ‘A Map of Political Participation in Britain’. Government and Opposition 25.02 (1990): 147–169. Print.

Parry, Geraint, Moyser, George, and Day, Neil. Political Participation and Democracy in Britain. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992. Print.

‘Parties Hope Their Digital Push Will Click with Britain’s Voters’. Financial Times n. pag. Web. <http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/760593c4-e696-11e4-9fa1-00144feab7de.html#axzz3rx1tUACz>.

Pattie, C. ‘Civic Attitudes and Engagement in Modern Britain’. Parliamentary Affairs 56.4 (2003): 616–633. Web.

Pattie, C. J., Seyd, Patrick, and Whiteley, Paul. Citizenship in Britain: Values, Participation and Democracy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004. Web. <http://ezproxy.lib.le.ac.uk/login?url=http://www.myilibrary.com?id=74997>.

---. Citizenship in Britain: Values, Participation and Democracy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004. Web. <http://ezproxy.lib.le.ac.uk/login?url=http://www.myilibrary.com?id=74997>.

Pattie, C., and R. Johnston. ‘Power to the People Through “Real Power and True Elections”? The Power Report and Revitalising British Democracy’. Parliamentary Affairs 60.2 (2007): 253–278. Web.

Pattie, Charles, and Ron Johnston. ‘A Low Turnout Landslide: Abstention at the British General Election of 1997’. Political Studies 49.2 (2001): 286–305. Web.

Paul F. Whiteley, Patrick Seyd, Jeremy Richardson and Paul Bissell. ‘Explaining Party Activism: The Case of the British Conservative Party’. British Journal of Political Science 24.1 (1994): 79–94. Web. <http://www.jstor.org/stable/194186>.

Peele, Gillian, and John G. Francis, eds. David Cameron and Conservative Renewal: The Limits of Modernisation? New perspectives on the right. Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2016. Web. <http://le.alma.exlibrisgroup.com/view/action/uresolver.do?operation=resolveService&package_service_id=5664736860002746&institutionId=2746&customerId=2745>.

Pemberton, Hugh, and Mark Wickham-Jones. ‘Labour’s Lost Grassroots: The Rise and Fall of Party Membership’. British Politics 8.2 (2013): 181–206. Web.

Peter A. Hall. ‘Social Capital in Britain’. British Journal of Political Science 29.3 (1999): 417–461. Web. <http://www.jstor.org/stable/194145>.

Phelps, Edward. ‘Young Citizens and Changing Electoral Turnout, 1964-2001’. The Political Quarterly 75.3 (2004): 238–248. Web.

PHELPS, EDWARD. ‘Young Voters at the 2005 British General Election’. The Political Quarterly 76.4 (2005): 482–487. Web.

Pickard, Sarah. ‘Momentum and the Movementist “Corbynistas”: Young People Regenerating the Labour Party in Britain’. Young People Re-Generating Politics in Times of Crises. Ed. Sarah Pickard and Judith Bessant. Palgrave studies in young people and politics. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2017. 115–137. Web. <http://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-319-58250-4_7>.

Pickard, Sarah, and Judith Bessant. Young People Re-Generating Politics in Times of Crises. 1st ed. 2018. Cham: Springer International Publishing AG, 2017. Print.

Plows, Alexandra. ‘Towards an Analysis of the “Success” of UK Green Protests’. British Politics 3.1 (2008): 92–109. Web.

Ponce, Aldo F, and Susan E Scarrow. ‘Which Members? Using Cross-National Surveys to Study Party Membership’. Party Politics 22.6 (2016): 679–690. Web.

Power Inquiry. ‘Power to the People: An Independent Inquiry into Britain’s Democracy - the Full Report | Joseph Rowntree Reform Trust’. 2006. Web. <http://www.jrrt.org.uk/publications/power-people-independent-inquiry-britains-democracy-full-report>.

‘Power to the People: An Independent Inquiry into Britain’s Democracy - the Full Report | Joseph Rowntree Reform Trust’. N.p., n.d. Web. <http://www.jrrt.org.uk/publications/power-people-independent-inquiry-britains-democracy-full-report>.

‘Protest | World News | The Guardian’. N.p., n.d. Web. <http://www.theguardian.com/world/protest>.

Putnam, Robert D. ‘Bowling Alone: America’s Declining Social Capital’. Journal of Democracy 6.1 (1995): 65–78. Web.

Putnam, Robert D. Bowling Alone: The Collapse and Revival of American Community. New York: Simon & Schuster, 2000. Print.

Quinlan, Stephen, Mark Shephard, and Lindsay Paterson. ‘Online Discussion and the 2014 Scottish Independence Referendum: Flaming Keyboards or Forums for Deliberation?’ Electoral Studies 38 (2015): 192–205. Web.

Qvortrup, Mads, ed. Referendums around the World: The Continued Growth of Direct Democracy. Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan, 2014. Web. <http://ezproxy.lib.le.ac.uk/login?url=http://leicester.eblib.com/patron/FullRecord.aspx?p=1809324>.

Qvortrup, Matt. ‘DEMOCRACY BY DELEGATION: THE DECISION TO HOLD REFERENDUMS IN THE UNITED KINGDOM’. Representation 42.1 (2006): 59–72. Web.

---. Direct Democracy: A Comparative Study of the Theory and Practice of Government by the People. Manchester, UK: Manchester University Press, 2017. Print.

---. Government by Referendum. Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2018. Print.

---. Politics of Participation. Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2013. Print.

---. ‘Power to the People! But How? The Different Uses of Referendums around the WorldAltmanD. (2011) Direct Democracy Worldwide. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.BernhardL. (2012) Campaign Strategy in Direct Democracy. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.HoboltS. B. (2009) Europe in Question: Referendums on European Integration. Oxford: Oxford University Press.SchillerT. (Ed.) (2011) Local Direct Democracy in Europe. Wiesbaden: VS Verlag.SetäläM. and SchillerT. (Eds) (2012) Citizens’ Initiatives in Europe: Procedures and Consequences of Agenda-Setting by Citizens. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.TierneyS. (2012) Constitutional Referendums: The Theory and Practice of Republican Deliberation. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Wyn JonesR. and ScullyR. (2012) Wales Says Yes: Devolution and the 2011 Welsh Referendum. Cardiff: University of Wales Press.’ Political Studies Review 13.1 (2015): 37–45. Web.

---, ed. Referendums Around the World. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2018. Web. <https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/leicester/detail.action?docID=1809324>.

QVORTRUP, MATT. ‘Voting on Electoral Reform: A Comparative Perspective on the Alternative Vote Referendum in the United Kingdom’. The Political Quarterly 83.1 (2012): 108–116. Web.

Rallings, C., and M. Thrasher. ‘Local Electoral Participation in Britain’. Parliamentary Affairs 56.4 (2003): 700–715. Web.

Rallings, Colin, and Michael Thrasher. ‘“Just Another Expensive Talking Shop”: Public Attitudes and the 2004 Regional Assembly Referendum in the North East of England’. Regional Studies 40.8 (2006): 927–936. Web.

Rallings, Colin, Michael Thrasher, and David Cowling. ‘Mayoral Referendums and Elections Revisited’. British Politics (2013): n. pag. Web.

‘Referendums, Though They May Be Political Lifeboats, Can Be Very Bad for Democracy’. n. pag. Web. <http://eprints.lse.ac.uk/88621/>.

‘Research Briefings - UK Parliament’. N.p., n.d. Web. <http://www.parliament.uk/briefing-papers/>.

‘Revealed: How Jeremy Corbyn Has Reshaped the Labour Party | Politics | The Guardian’. N.p., n.d. Web. <http://www.theguardian.com/politics/2016/jan/13/revealed-how-jeremy-corbyn-has-reshaped-the-labour-party>.

Richards, David and Smith, Martin J. Governance and Public Policy in the United Kingdom. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002. Print.

Richards, David, and Martin J. Smith. ‘In Defence of British Politics Against the British Political Tradition’. Political Quarterly 86.1 (2015): 41–51. Print.

Richards, David, Martin J. Smith, and Colin Hay, eds. Institutional Crisis in 21st-Century Britain. Understanding governance series. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2014. Web. <https://link.springer.com/book/10.1057%2F9781137334398>.

Richardson, Jeremy. ‘Government, Interest Groups and Policy Change’. Political Studies 48.5 (2000): 1006–1025. Web.

---. ‘The Changing British Policy Style: From Governance to Government?’ British Politics 13.2 (2018): 215–233. Web.

---. ‘The Market for Political Activism: Interest Groups as a Challenge to Political Parties’. West European Politics 18.1 (1995): 116–139. Web.

Riddell, Peter. In Defence of Politicians: (In Spite of Themselves). London: Biteback, 2011. Print.

Robinson, N. ‘Fuel Protests: Governing the Ungovernable?’ Parliamentary Affairs 56.3 (2003): 423–440. Web.

Robinson, Nick. ‘The Politics of the Fuel Protests: Towards a Multi-Dimensional Explanation’. The Political Quarterly 73.1 (2002): 58–66. Web.

Rootes, Chris. Environmental Movements: Local, National, and Global. London: Frank Cass, 1999. Print.

---. Environmental Protest in Western Europe. Comparative politics. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2003. Print.

Rootes, Christopher. ‘Acting Locally: The Character, Contexts and Significance of Local Environmental Mobilisations’. Environmental Politics 16.5 (2007): 722–741. Web.

---. ‘Facing South? British Environmental Movement Organisations and the Challenge of Globalisation’. Environmental Politics 15.5 (2006): 768–786. Web.

Runciman, W. G. Relative Deprivation and Social Justice: A Study of Attitudes to Social Inequality in Twentieth Century England. Pyrmont: Law Book Co of Australasia, 1966. Print.

Russell, A. ‘Political Parties as Vehicles of Political Engagement’. Parliamentary Affairs 58.3 (2005): 555–569. Web.

Russell J. Dalton. Citizen Politics: Public Opinion and Political Parties in Advanced Industrial Democracies. Sixth. CQ Press, 2013. Print.

Sabucedo, Jose M. ‘Sociological and Psychological Predictors of Voting in Great Britain.’ Journal of Social Psychology 131.5 (1991): n. pag. Web. <http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=buh&AN=9706201405&site=ehost-live>.

Saggar, Shamit. Race and British Electoral Politics. London: UCL Press, 1998. Print.

Sanders, D. ‘The Dynamics of Protest in Britain, 2000-2002’. Parliamentary Affairs 56.4 (2003): 687–699. Web.

Sanders, David, Harold Clarke, et al. ‘Public Attitudes towards Political Protest in Britain, 2000-02’. Journal of Elections, Public Opinion & Parties 14.1 (2004): 147–167. Web.

Sanders, David, Stephen D. Fisher, et al. ‘The Democratic Engagement of Britain’s Ethnic Minorities’. Ethnic and Racial Studies 37.1 (2014): 120–139. Web.

Saunders, Robert. Yes to Europe! Cambridge: Cambridge University Press (Virtual Publishing), 2018. Web. <http://le.alma.exlibrisgroup.com/view/action/uresolver.do?operation=resolveService&package_service_id=5664683000002746&institutionId=2746&customerId=2745>.

‘Scandals, War and the Millennials: Why the Iraq War and the Expenses Scandal Are Not to Blame for the Low Turnout of the Young’. British Politics (2015): n. pag. Web. <http://www.palgrave-journals.com/bp/journal/vaop/ncurrent/abs/bp201511a.html>.

Scarrow, S. E., and B. Gezgor. ‘Declining Memberships, Changing Members? European Political Party Members in a New Era’. Party Politics 16.6 (2010): 823–843. Web.

Scarrow, Susan E. Beyond Party Members: Changing Approaches to Partisan Mobilization. First edition. Comparative politics. Oxford, United Kingdom: Oxford University Press, 2015. Print.

---. ‘The Changing Nature of Political Party Membership’. OXFORD RESEARCH ENCYCLOPEDIA, POLITICS. Vol. 1. Oxford University Press, 2017. Web. <http://politics.oxfordre.com/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780190228637.001.0001/acrefore-9780190228637-e-226>.

Scarrow, Susan E., Paul Webb, and Thomas Poguntke, eds. Organizing Political Parties: Representation, Participation, and Power. New York, New York: Oxford University Press, 2017. Web. <https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/leicester/detail.action?docID=4877960>.

Schuck, Andreas R.T., and Claes H. de Vreese. ‘Public Support for Referendums in Europe: A Cross-National Comparison in 21 Countries’. Electoral Studies 38 (2015): 149–158. Web.

Seawright, David. ‘“Yes, the Census”: The 2011 UK Referendum Campaign on the Alternative Vote’. British Politics 8.4 (2013): 457–475. Web.

Seel, Benjamin, Paterson, Matthew, and Doherty, Brian. Direct Action in British Environmentalism. London: Routledge, 2000. Web. <http://ezproxy.lib.le.ac.uk/login?url=http://site.ebrary.com/lib/leicester/Doc?id=10054161>.

Seyd, B. ‘Exploring Political Disappointment’. Parliamentary Affairs (2015): n. pag. Web.

Seyd, Ben. ‘Regulating the Referendum’. Representation 35.4 (1998): 191–199. Web.

Seyd, P., and P. Whiteley. ‘Labour and Conservative Party Members: Change Over Time’. Parliamentary Affairs 48.3 (1995): 456–472. Print.

Seyd, Patrick, and Paul Whiteley. ‘British Party Members: An Overview’. Party Politics 10.4 (2004): 355–366. Web.

Seyd, Patrick and Whiteley, Paul. Labour’s Grass Roots: The Politics of Party Membership. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1992. Print.

---. New Labour’s Grassroots: The Transformation of the Labour Party Membership. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2002. Print.

Seyd, Patrick, Paul Whiteley, and Charles Pattie. ‘Citizenship in Britain: Attitudes and Behaviour’. The Political Quarterly 72.s1 (2001): 141–148. Web.

Simpson, Ian, and Miranda Philips. ‘Disengaged and Disconnected? Trends in Attitudes towards Politics’. British Social Attitudes 32. Ed. John Curtice and Rachel Ormston. Vol. 32. London: NatCen, 2015. Web. <http://www.bsa.natcen.ac.uk/latest-report/british-social-attitudes-32/politics.aspx>.

Simpson, Ian, and Miranda Phillips. ‘Disengaged and Disconnected? Trends in Attitudes towards Politics’. British Social Attitudes 32. Ed. Rachel Ormston and John Curtice. NatCen, 2015. Web. <http://www.bsa.natcen.ac.uk/latest-report/british-social-attitudes-32/politics.aspx>.

Sloam, J. ‘New Voice, Less Equal: The Civic and Political Engagement of Young People in the United States and Europe’. Comparative Political Studies 47.5 (2014): 663–688. Web.

---. ‘Rebooting Democracy: Youth Participation in Politics in the UK’. Parliamentary Affairs 60.4 (2007): 548–567. Web.

Sloam, James. ‘The “Outraged Young”:’ Political Insight 4.1 (2013): 4–7. Web.

---. ‘#Votebecause: Youth Mobilisation for the Referendum on British Membership of the European Union’. New Media & Society (2018): n. pag. Web.

Sloam, James, Rakib Ehsan, and Matt Henn. ‘“Youthquake”: How and Why Young People Reshaped the Political Landscape in 2017’. Political Insight 9.1 (2018): 4–8. Web.

Smelser, Wright, Baltes. ‘Chapter on “Political Participation”.’ International Encyclopedia of Social and Behavioral Sciences. Elsevier Science & Technology ; 2001. Print.

Sparrow, A. ‘Twitter Users: Young, Metropolitan and Angry about Civil Liberties | Technology | The Guardian’. The Guardian. N.p., n.d. Web. <http://www.theguardian.com/technology/2009/nov/18/twitter-users-survey-poll-britain>.

Sparrow, Nick. ‘Analysis: Voter Apathy | Politics | The Guardian’. N.p., n.d. Web. <http://www.theguardian.com/politics/2001/nov/06/socialsciences.polls>.

‘Speaker’s Commission on Digital Democracy’. N.p., n.d. Web. <http://www.parliament.uk/business/commons/the-speaker/speakers-commission-on-digital-democracy/>.

Stoker, Gerry. ‘Different Routes to Reforming Politics’. Political Insight 4.2 (2013): 18–21. Web.

---. Why Politics Matters: Making Democracy Work. Second. Palgrave Macmillan, 2017. Print.

Stoker, Gerry, and Colin Hay. ‘Understanding and Challenging Populist Negativity towards Politics: The Perspectives of British Citizens’. Political Studies 65.1 (2017): 4–23. Web.

Taylor, Ros. The UK’s Changing Democracy: The 2018 Democratic Audit. Ed. Patrick Dunleavy and Alice Park. LSE Press, 2018. Web. <https://press.lse.ac.uk/site/books/10.31389/book1/>.

‘The Myth of the 2017 “youthquake” Election - BBC News’. N.p., n.d. Web. <https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-42747342>.

‘The Myth of the 2017 Youthquake Election - The British Election Study’. N.p., n.d. Web. <http://www.britishelectionstudy.com/bes-impact/the-myth-of-the-2017-youthquake-election/#.W1mieNJKg2w>.

‘The Myth of the Keyboard Warrior: Public Participation and 38 Degrees | openDemocracy’. N.p., n.d. Web. <https://www.opendemocracy.net/participation-now/james-dennis/myth-of-keyboard-warrior-public-participation-and-38-degrees>.

‘The Numbers That Add up to Trouble for All Political Parties | Andrew Rawnsley | Comment Is Free | The Observer’. n. pag. Web. <http://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2013/jul/13/political-party-membership-coalition-labour?INTCMP=SRCH>.

‘The Rise of Anti-Politics in Britain’. n. pag. Web. <https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/394835/>.

The Speaker’s Commission on Digital Democracy. ‘Open Up: The Speaker’s Commission on Digital Democracy’. 26AD. Web. <http://www.parliament.uk/business/commons/the-speaker/speakers-commission-on-digital-democracy/ddc-news/digital-democracy-commission-report-publication/>.

Theocharis, Y. ‘Cuts, Tweets, Solidarity and Mobilisation: How the Internet Shaped the Student Occupations’. Parliamentary Affairs 65.1 (2012): 162–194. Web.

Theocharis, Yannis. ‘THE INFLUENCE OF POSTMATERIALIST ORIENTATIONS ON YOUNG BRITISH PEOPLE’S OFFLINE AND ONLINE POLITICAL PARTICIPATION’. Representation 47.4 (2011): 435–455. Web.

Theocharis, Yannis, and Jan W. van Deth. Political Participation in a Changing World: Conceptual and Empirical Challenges in the Study of Citizen Engagement. New York, New York: Routledge, 2018. Web. <https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/leicester/detail.action?docID=5023836>.

Theocharis, Yannis, and Jan W. van Deth. ‘The Continuous Expansion of Citizen Participation: A New Taxonomy’. European Political Science Review 10.01 (2018): 139–163. Web.

Thorpe, A. ‘Reconstructing Conservative Party Membership in World War II Britain’. Parliamentary Affairs 62.2 (2009): 227–241. Web.

Thorpe, Andrew. ‘THE MEMBERSHIP OF THE COMMUNIST PARTY OF GREAT BRITAIN, 1920–’. The Historical Journal 43.3 (2000): 777–800. Print.

TICKELL, ADAM, PETER JOHN, and STEVEN MUSSON. ‘The North East Region Referendum Campaign of 2004: Issues and Turning Points’. The Political Quarterly 76.4 (2005): 488–496. Web.

Tierney, Stephen. ‘Reclaiming Politics: Popular Democracy in Britain after the Scottish Referendum’. The Political Quarterly 86.2 (2015): 226–233. Web.

Todd, Malcolm J. and Taylor, Gary. Democracy and Participation: Popular Protest and New Social Movements. London: Merlin, 2004. Print.

Tonge, Jon. ‘REVITALISING POLITICS: ENGAGING YOUNG PEOPLE’. Representation 45.3 (2009): 237–246. Web.

Travis, A. ‘Low Turnout at Police Commissioner Elections Blamed on Lack of Information | UK News | The Guardian’. N.p., n.d. Web. <http://www.theguardian.com/uk/2013/mar/19/low-turnout-police-commissioner-elections>.

‘UK Election 2015 | Elections and the Internet’. N.p., n.d. Web. <http://elections.oii.ox.ac.uk/uk-election-2015/>.

‘United by What Divides Us: 38 Degrees and the EU Referendum’. Web. <https://static1.squarespace.com/static/543e4a04e4b0a4f2ae6c0923/t/59edcf25ace8645c75976adf/1508757286543/2016_Dennis_United_By_What_Divides_US_EU_Referendum_Analysis.pdf>.

Vaccari, Cristian. ‘Online Mobilization in Comparative Perspective: Digital Appeals and Political Engagement in Germany, Italy, and the United Kingdom’. Political Communication 34.1 (2017): 69–88. Web.

van Biezen, Ingrid. ‘The Decline in Party Membership across Europe Means That Political Parties Need to Reconsider How They Engage with the Electorate.’ N.p., 6AD. Web. <http://blogs.lse.ac.uk/europpblog/2013/05/06/decline-in-party-membership-europe-ingrid-van-biezen/>.

Van Biezen, Ingrid, Peter Mair, and Thomas Poguntke. ‘Going, Going, . . . Gone? The Decline of Party Membership in Contemporary Europe’. European Journal of Political Research 51.1 (2012): 24–56. Web.

van Deth, J. W., ed. Private Groups and Public Life: Social Participation and Political Involvement in Representative Democracies. London: Routledge, 1997. Web. <http://le.alma.exlibrisgroup.com/view/action/uresolver.do?operation=resolveService&package_service_id=5663968860002746&institutionId=2746&customerId=2745>.

van Deth, Jan W. ‘A Conceptual Map of Political Participation’. Acta Politica 49.3 (2014): 349–367. Web.

van Haute, Emilie, and Anika Gauja, eds. Party Members and Activists. Abingdon: Routledge, 2015. Print.

‘Voter Engagement in the UK - UK Parliament’. N.p., n.d. Web. <http://www.parliament.uk/voter-engagement-in-the-uk>.

‘Voter Turnout at UK General Elections 1945 – 2017 | UK Political Info’. N.p., n.d. Web. <http://www.ukpolitical.info/Turnout45.htm>.

‘Voter Turnout Database | International IDEA’. N.p., n.d. Web. <http://www.idea.int/data-tools/data/voter-turnout>.

Vromen, Ariadne. Digital Citizenship and Political Engagement: The Challenge from Online Campaigning and Advocacy Organisations. London, England: Palgrave Macmillan, 2017. Web. <https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/leicester/detail.action?docID=4748997>.

Wagner, Markus. ‘Why Do Party Members Leave?’ Parliamentary Affairs (2016): n. pag. Web.

Ward, S. ‘Online Participation and Mobilisation in Britain: Hype, Hope and Reality’. Parliamentary Affairs 56.4 (2003): 652–668. Web.

Webb, Paul. ‘THE FAILINGS OF POLITICAL PARTIES: REALITY OR PERCEPTION?’ Representation 45.3 (2009): 265–275. Web.

---. ‘Who Is Willing to Participate? Dissatisfied Democrats, Stealth Democrats and Populists in the United Kingdom’. European Journal of Political Research 52.6 (2013): 747–772. Web.

Webb, Paul D. ‘Are British Political Parties in Decline?’ Party Politics 1.3 (1995): 299–322. Print.

Webb, Paul, Farrell, David M., and Holliday, Ian. Political Parties in Advanced Industrial Democracies. Comparative politics. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002. Print.

Webb, Paul, Monica Poletti, and Tim Bale. ‘So Who Really Does the Donkey Work in “Multi-Speed Membership Parties”? Comparing the Election Campaign Activity of Party Members and Party Supporters’. Electoral Studies 46 (2017): 64–74. Web.

‘Welcome to the Social Media Election That Never Was | Media Network | The Guardian’. N.p., n.d. Web. <http://www.theguardian.com/media-network/2015/apr/27/social-media-general-election-political-parties>.

‘What Drives Political Participation? Motivations and Mobilization in a Digital Age’. n. pag. Web. <http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/10584609.2016.1225235>.

Wheeler, B. ‘BBC News - Can UK Political Parties Be Saved from Extinction?’ N.p., n.d. Web. <http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-12934148>.

Wheeler, B., and C. Davies. ‘BBC News - “Swivel-Eyed Loons” or Voice of the People?’ N.p., n.d. Web. <http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-22607108>.

Whiteley, P. et al. ‘Britain Says NO: Voting in the AV Ballot Referendum’. Parliamentary Affairs 65.2 (2012): 301–322. Web.

---. ‘Where Have All the Members Gone? The Dynamics of Party Membership in Britain’. Parliamentary Affairs 62.2 (2009): 242–257. Web.

Whiteley, Paul. ‘GOVERNMENT EFFECTIVENESS AND POLITICAL PARTICIPATION IN BRITAIN’. Representation 45.3 (2009): 247–257. Web.

---. ‘Is the Party over? The Decline of Party Activism and Membership across the Democratic World’. Party Politics 17.1 (2011): 21–44. Print.

Whiteley, Paul. Political Participation in Britain: The Decline and Revival of Civic Culture. Contemporary political studies. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2011. Web. <https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/leicester/detail.action?docID=4763680>.

---. Political Participation in Britain: The Decline and Revival of Civic Culture. Contemporary political studies. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2011. Web. <https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/leicester/detail.action?docID=4763680>.

---. Political Participation in Britain: The Decline and Revival of Civic Culture. Contemporary political studies. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2011. Web. <https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/leicester/detail.action?docID=4763680>.

---. Political Participation in Britain: The Decline and Revival of Civic Culture. Contemporary political studies. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2011. Web. <https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/leicester/detail.action?docID=4763680>.

---. Political Participation in Britain: The Decline and Revival of Civic Culture. Contemporary political studies. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2011. Web. <https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/leicester/detail.action?docID=4763680>.

Whiteley, Paul F. ‘Rational Choice and Political Participation — Evaluating the Debate’. Political Research Quarterly 48.1 (1995): 211–233. Web.

---. ‘The Origins of Social Capital’. Social Capital and European Democracy. Ed. Jan W. van Deth et al. London: Routledge, 1999. 25–44. Web. <http://ezproxy.lib.le.ac.uk/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&amp;db=nlebk&amp;AN=237512>.

Whiteley, Paul and Seyd, Patrick. High-Intensity Participation: The Dynamics of Party Activism in Britain. Ann Arbor, Mich: The University of Michigan Press, 2002. Web. <https://blackboard.le.ac.uk/bbcswebdav/pid-824505-dt-content-rid-2072831_5/library/eReserves/PL3127/PL3127_27691.pdf>.

---. High-Intensity Participation: The Dynamics of Party Activism in Britain. Ann Arbor, Mich: The University of Michigan Press, 2002. Print.

Whiteley, Paul, Seyd, Patrick, and Billinghurst, Antony. Third Force Politics: Liberal Democrats at the Grassroots. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2006. Print.

Whiteley, Paul, Seyd, Patrick, and Richardson, J. J. True Blues: The Politics of Conservative Party Membership. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1994. Print.

‘Why Are Political Blogs Dominated by Men?’ Hansard Society. N.p., n.d. Web. <http://www.hansardsociety.org.uk/why-are-political-blogs-dominated-by-men/>.

‘Why Do People Join Losing Political Parties? - BBC News’. n. pag. Web. <http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-32739591>.

‘Will 2015 Be the UK’s First Social Media Election? - BBC News’. N.p., n.d. Web. <http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-31327154>.

William A. Maloney, Grant Jordan and Andrew M. McLaughlin. ‘Interest Groups and Public Policy: The Insider/Outsider Model Revisited’. Journal of Public Policy 14.1 (1994): 17–38. Web. <http://www.jstor.org/stable/4007561>.

Williamson, Andy. ‘REVITALISING POLITICS FROM THE GROUND UP: THE ROLE OF DIGITAL MEDIA IN PROMOTING CITIZEN‐LED DEMOCRATIC RENEWAL’. Representation 45.3 (2009): 301–311. Web.

---. ‘The Digital Campaign: Are We There Yet?’ Political Insight 6.3 (2015): 28–31. Web.

Wright, Scott. ‘“Success” and Online Political Participation: The Case of Downing Street E-Petitions’. Information, Communication & Society 19.6 (2016): 843–857. Web.

Wring, Dominic. Political Communications: The General Election Campaign of 2005. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2007. Print.

Wring, Dominic, Matt Henn, and Mark Weinstein. ‘Young People and Contemporary Politics: Committed Scepticism or Engaged Cynicism?’ Journal of Elections, Public Opinion & Parties 9.1 (1999): 200–216. Web.

Wring, Dominic, Mortimore, Roger, and Atkinson, Simon. Political Communication in Britain: The Leader Debates, the Campaign and the Media in the 2010 General Election. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2011. Print.

‘YouGov | How Britain Voted at the 2017 General Election’. N.p., n.d. Web. <https://yougov.co.uk/news/2017/06/13/how-britain-voted-2017-general-election/>.

‘YouGov | Profiled for the First Time: The UKIP Party Membership’. N.p., n.d. Web. <https://yougov.co.uk/news/2016/10/22/introduction-ukip-party-membership/>.

‘Young Remain Voters Came out in Force, but Were Outgunned | Politics | The Guardian’. N.p., n.d. Web. <http://www.theguardian.com/politics/2016/jun/24/young-remain-voters-came-out-in-force-but-were-outgunned>.

‘Youthquake 2017: How the Rise of Young Cosmopolitans in Britain Could Transform Politics : Democratic Audit’. N.p., n.d. Web. <http://www.democraticaudit.com/2018/10/29/youthquake-2017-how-the-rise-of-young-cosmopolitans-in-britain-could-transform-politics/>.