Bibliography for PL3127 / PL3327 Political Participation in Britain BETA

@book{Abramowitz, Alan I._Almond, Gabriel A_Verba, Sidney_1980, address={Boston}, title={The Civic culture revisited: An analytic study}, volume={The Little, Brown series in comparative politics}, url={https://blackboard.le.ac.uk/bbcswebdav/pid-824527-dt-content-rid-2072838_5/library/eReserves/PL3127/PL3127_27698.pdf}, publisher={Little, Brown}, author={Abramowitz, Alan I. and Almond, Gabriel A and Verba, Sidney}, year={1980} }

@book{Almond, Gabriel A_Verba, Sidney_1989, address={Newbury Park, Ca}, edition={[New ed.]}, title={The civic culture: political attitudes and democracy in five nations}, url={https://eu.alma.exlibrisgroup.com/view/action/uresolver.do?operation=resolveService&package_service_id=7924834800002746&institutionId=2746&customerId=2745}, publisher={Sage}, author={Almond, Gabriel A and Verba, Sidney}, year={1989} }

@book{Amnå_2015, address={Cheltenham, England}, title={Handbook of digital politics}, url={https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/leicester/detail.action?docID=3563697}, publisher={Edward Elgar Publishing}, author={Amnå, Erik}, editor={Coleman, Stephen and Freelon, Deen}, year={2015} }

@book{Anheier_Toepler_2010, address={New York, NY}, title={International Encyclopedia of Civil Society}, url={http://ezproxy.lib.le.ac.uk/login?url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-93996-4}, publisher={Springer-Verlag New York}, author={Anheier, Helmut K. and Toepler, Stefan}, year={2010} }

@article{Anwar_2001, title={The participation of ethnic minorities in British politics}, volume={27}, DOI={10.1080/136918301200266220}, number={3}, journal={Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies}, author={Anwar, Muhammad}, year={2001}, month={Jul}, pages={533–549} }

@article{Baldini_2015, title={Is Britain Facing a Crisis of Democracy?}, volume={86}, DOI={10.1111/1467-923X.12185}, number={4}, journal={The Political Quarterly}, author={Baldini, Gianfranco}, year={2015}, month={Oct}, pages={540–549} }

@article{Baldini_2016, title={Democracy, Golden Ages and Balancing Acts—Comment on Flinders, M. (2015) The Problem with Democracy}, volume={69}, DOI={10.1093/pa/gsv048}, number={2}, journal={Parliamentary Affairs}, author={Baldini, Gianfranco}, year={2016}, month={Apr}, pages={451–463} }

@article{Bale, title={The dwindling Tory party: is anybody out there? - Telegraph}, url={http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/politics/conservative/10323333/The-dwindling-Tory-party-is-anybody-out-there.html}, author={Bale, T.} }

@book{Barnes, Samuel H._Kaase, Max_1979, address={Beverly Hills, Calif}, title={Political action: mass participation in five Western democracies}, publisher={Sage Publications}, author={Barnes, Samuel H. and Kaase, Max}, year={1979} }

@book{Bartle, John_Griffiths, Dylan_2001, address={Houndmills [England] ; New York}, title={Political communications transformed: from Morrison to Mandelson}, url={http://ezproxy.lib.le.ac.uk/login?url=http://site.ebrary.com/lib/leicester/Doc?id=10045519}, publisher={Palgrave}, author={Bartle, John and Griffiths, Dylan}, year={2001} }

@book{Baston, Lewis_2011, address={London}, title={Don’t take no for an answer: the 2011 Referendum and the future of electoral reform}, publisher={Biteback}, author={Baston, Lewis}, year={2011} }

@book{Benewick, Robert_Smith, Trevor_1972, address={London}, title={Direct action and democratic politics}, volume={Acton Society studies, 1}, publisher={Allen and Unwin}, author={Benewick, Robert and Smith, Trevor}, year={1972} }

@book{Bennie_Russell_2012, title={Radical or Compliant? Young Party Members in Britain}, url={https://www.escholar.manchester.ac.uk/api/datastream?publicationPid=uk-ac-man-scw:177225&datastreamId=SUPPLEMENTARY-1.PDF}, author={Bennie, Lynn and Russell, Andrew}, year={2012} }

@article{Biezen_Poguntke_2014, title={The decline of membership-based politics}, volume={20}, DOI={10.1177/1354068813519969}, number={2}, journal={Party Politics}, author={Biezen, I. v. and Poguntke, T.}, year={2014}, month={Mar}, pages={205–216} }

@misc{van Biezen_6AD, title={The decline in party membership across Europe means that political parties need to reconsider how they engage with the electorate.}, url={http://blogs.lse.ac.uk/europpblog/2013/05/06/decline-in-party-membership-europe-ingrid-van-biezen/}, author={van Biezen, Ingrid}, year={6AD} }

@misc{Birch_Gottfried_Lodge_2013, address={London}, title={Divided Democracy. Political Inequality in the UK and Why it Matters}, url={http://www.ippr.org/assets/media/images/media/files/publication/2013/11/divided-democracy_Nov2013_11420.pdf}, publisher={Institute for Public Policy Research}, author={Birch, Sarah and Gottfried, Glenn and Lodge, Guy}, year={2013} }

@book{Bogdanor, Vernon_2009, address={Oxford}, title={The new British constitution}, url={https://eu.alma.exlibrisgroup.com/view/action/uresolver.do?operation=resolveService&package_service_id=8319189050002746&institutionId=2746&customerId=2745}, publisher={Hart}, author={Bogdanor, Vernon}, year={2009} }

@article{Bowler_Donovan_2013, title={Civic duty and turnout in the UK referendum on AV: What shapes the duty to vote?}, volume={32}, journal={Electoral Studies}, author={Bowler, Shaun and Donovan, Todd}, year={2013}, pages={265–273} }

@book{Briggs_2017, address={[London, England]}, title={Young people and political participation: teen players}, url={https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/leicester/detail.action?docID=4737102}, publisher={Palgrave Macmillan}, author={Briggs, Jacqueline}, year={2017} }

@book{Budge, Ian_1996, address={Cambridge}, title={The new challenge of direct democracy}, publisher={Polity Press}, author={Budge, Ian}, year={1996} }

@article{Budge_2006, title={DIRECT AND REPRESENTATIVE DEMOCRACY: ARE THEY NECESSARILY OPPOSED?}, volume={42}, DOI={10.1080/00344890600583685}, number={1}, journal={Representation}, author={Budge, Ian}, year={2006}, month={Apr}, pages={1–12} }

@book{Butler, David_Kitzinger, Uwe_1976, address={London}, title={The 1975 referendum}, publisher={Macmillan}, author={Butler, David and Kitzinger, Uwe}, year={1976} }

@book{Butler, David_Ranney, Austin_1994, address={Basingstoke}, title={Referendums around the world: the growing use of direct democracy}, publisher={Macmillan}, author={Butler, David and Ranney, Austin}, year={1994} }

@inbook{Butt_Fitzgerald_2014a, title={Critical consensus? Britain’s expectations and evaluations of democracy}, url={http://www.bsa.natcen.ac.uk/latest-report/british-social-attitudes-31/democracy/introduction.aspx}, booktitle={British Social Attitudes 31}, publisher={NatCen}, author={Butt, Sara and Fitzgerald, Rory}, editor={Park, Alison and Bryson, Caroline and Curtice, John}, year={2014} }

@inbook{Butt_Fitzgerald_2014b, address={London}, title={Democracy}, volume={31}, url={http://www.bsa.natcen.ac.uk/latest-report/british-social-attitudes-31/democracy/introduction.aspx}, booktitle={British Social Attitudes 31}, publisher={NatCen}, author={Butt, Sarah and Fitzgerald, Rory}, editor={Park, Alison and Curtice, John and Bryson, Caroline}, year={2014}, pages={1–23} }

@article{Bynner_Ashford_1994, title={Politics and participation: Some antecedents of young people’s attitudes to the political system and political activity}, volume={24}, DOI={10.1002/ejsp.2420240202}, number={2}, journal={European Journal of Social Psychology}, author={Bynner, John and Ashford, Sheena}, year={1994}, month={Mar}, pages={223–236} }

@book{Byrne, Paul_1997, address={London}, title={Social movements in Britain}, volume={Theory and practice in British politics}, publisher={Routledge}, author={Byrne, Paul}, year={1997} }

@article{Campbell_2013, title={Leaders, footsoldiers and befrienders: The gendered nature of social capital and political participation in Britain}, volume={8}, DOI={10.1057/bp.2012.21}, number={1}, journal={British Politics}, author={Campbell, Rosie}, year={2013}, month={Apr}, pages={28–50} }

@article{Cantijoch, Marta, title={Internet Use and Political Engagement: The Role of E-Campaigning as a Pathway to Online Political Participation}, url={http://escholarship.org/uc/item/538243k2}, author={Cantijoch, Marta} }

@article{Cantijoch_Cutts_Gibson_2016, title={Moving Slowly up the Ladder of Political Engagement: A ‘Spill-over’ Model of Internet Participation}, volume={18}, DOI={10.1111/1467-856X.12067}, number={1}, journal={The British Journal of Politics and International Relations}, author={Cantijoch, Marta and Cutts, David and Gibson, Rachel}, year={2016}, month={Feb}, pages={26–48} }

@book{Casey, Terrence_2009, address={Basingstoke}, title={The Blair legacy: Politics, policy, governance, and foreign affairs}, url={http://ezproxy.lib.le.ac.uk/login?url=http://www.palgraveconnect.com/doifinder/10.1057/9780230232846}, publisher={Palgrave Macmillan}, author={Casey, Terrence}, year={2009} }

@article{Cecilia Emma Sottilotta_2017, title={The Strategic Use of Government-Sponsored Referendums in Contemporary Europe: Issues and Implications}, volume={13}, url={https://www.jcer.net/index.php/jcer/article/view/836}, number={4}, journal={Journal of Contemporary European Research}, author={Cecilia Emma Sottilotta}, year={2017} }

@book{Chadwick, Andrew_2006, address={New York ; Oxford}, title={Internet politics: states, citizens, and new communication technologies}, publisher={Oxford University Press}, author={Chadwick, Andrew}, year={2006} }

@article{Chadwick_Dennis_2017a, title={Social Media, Professional Media and Mobilisation in Contemporary Britain: Explaining the Strengths and Weaknesses of the Citizens’ Movement 38 Degrees}, volume={65}, DOI={10.1177/0032321716631350}, number={1}, journal={Political Studies}, author={Chadwick, Andrew and Dennis, James}, year={2017}, month={Mar}, pages={42–60} }

@article{Chadwick_Dennis_2017b, title={Social Media, Professional Media and Mobilisation in Contemporary Britain: Explaining the Strengths and Weaknesses of the Citizens’ Movement 38 Degrees}, volume={65}, DOI={10.1177/0032321716631350}, number={1}, journal={Political Studies}, author={Chadwick, Andrew and Dennis, James}, year={2017}, month={Mar}, pages={42–60} }

@book{Chadwick, Andrew_Howard, Philip N._2008, address={New York, NY}, title={Routledge handbook of Internet politics}, url={http://le.alma.exlibrisgroup.com/view/action/uresolver.do?operation=resolveService&package_service_id=5663607980002746&institutionId=2746&customerId=2745}, publisher={Routledge}, author={Chadwick, Andrew and Howard, Philip N.}, year={2008} }

@article{Chadwick_Stromer-Galley_2016, title={Digital Media, Power, and Democracy in Parties and Election Campaigns}, volume={21}, DOI={10.1177/1940161216646731}, number={3}, journal={The International Journal of Press/Politics}, author={Chadwick, Andrew and Stromer-Galley, Jennifer}, year={2016}, month={Jul}, pages={283–293} }

@article{CHILDS_2004, title={A British Gender Gap? Gender and Political Participation}, volume={75}, DOI={10.1111/j.1467-923X.2004.00646.x}, number={4}, journal={The Political Quarterly}, author={CHILDS, SARAH}, year={2004}, month={Oct}, pages={422–424} }

@book{Clark_2018, address={Basingstoke}, edition={2nd ed. 2018}, title={Political Parties in the UK}, publisher={Palgrave Macmillan}, author={Clark, Alistair}, year={2018} }

@book{Clarke, Harold D._2009, address={Cambridge}, title={Performance politics and the British voter}, url={http://site.ebrary.com/lib/leicester/Doc?id=10329741}, publisher={Cambridge University Press}, author={Clarke, Harold D.}, year={2009} }

@book{Clarke_Kellner_Stewart_Twyman_Whiteley_2016, address={Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire}, title={Austerity and political choice in Britain}, volume={Palgrave Pivot}, url={http://ezproxy.lib.le.ac.uk/login?url=http://lib.myilibrary.com?id=879659}, publisher={Palgrave Macmillan}, author={Clarke, Harold D. and Kellner, Peter and Stewart, Marianne C. and Twyman, Joe and Whiteley, Paul}, year={2016} }

@article{Clarke_Jennings_Moss_Stoker_2017, title={Changing spaces of political encounter and the rise of anti-politics: Evidence from Mass Observation’s General Election diaries}, volume={56}, DOI={10.1016/j.polgeo.2016.10.004}, journal={Political Geography}, author={Clarke, Nick and Jennings, Will and Moss, Jonathan and Stoker, Gerry}, year={2017}, month={Jan}, pages={13–23} }

@book{Clarke_Jennings_Moss_Stoker_2018a, address={Cambridge}, title={The Good Politician Folk Theories, Political Interaction, and the Rise of Anti-Politics}, publisher={Cambridge University Press}, author={Clarke, Nick and Jennings, Will and Moss, Jonathan and Stoker, Gerry}, year={2018} }

@book{Clarke_Jennings_Moss_Stoker_2018b, address={Cambridge}, title={The Good Politician Folk Theories, Political Interaction, and the Rise of Anti-Politics}, publisher={Cambridge University Press}, author={Clarke, Nick and Jennings, Will and Moss, Jonathan and Stoker, Gerry}, year={2018} }

@misc{Coleman_Ward_2005, address={London}, title={Spinning the Web: Online campaigning in the 2005 general election}, url={http://www.hansardsociety.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2012/10/Spinning-the-Web-2005.pdf}, publisher={The Hansard Society}, author={Coleman, S. and Ward, S.}, year={2005} }

@article{Cotton_Fontana_2018, title={Political parties at critical junctures: explaining the decisions to offer referendums on constitutional change in the United Kingdom}, DOI={10.1080/13619462.2017.1417122}, journal={Contemporary British History}, author={Cotton, Ross and Fontana, Cary}, year={2018}, month={Jan}, pages={1–27} }

@book{Cowley_Kavanagh_2018, address={Basingtoke}, title={The British General Election of 2017}, publisher={Palgrave Macmillan}, author={Cowley, Philip and Kavanagh, Dennis}, year={2018} }

@book{Coxall, W. N._2001, address={Harlow}, title={Pressure groups in British politics}, publisher={Longman}, author={Coxall, W. N.}, year={2001} }

@article{Curtice_2005, title={Turnout: Electors Stay Home--Again}, volume={58}, DOI={10.1093/pa/gsi066}, number={4}, journal={Parliamentary Affairs}, author={Curtice, J.}, year={2005}, month={Oct}, pages={776–785} }

@misc{Curtice, title={The Electoral Reform Society blog}, url={http://www.electoral-reform.org.uk/blog/the-av-referendum-what-went-wrong}, author={Curtice, J.} }

@article{Curtice_2011, title={The Death of a Miserable Little Compromise: The Alternative Vote Referendum}, volume={2}, DOI={10.1111/j.2041-9066.2011.00066.x}, number={2}, journal={Political Insight}, author={Curtice, John}, year={2011}, month={Sep}, pages={14–17} }

@article{Curtice_2013, title={Politicians, voters and democracy: The 2011 UK referendum on the Alternative Vote}, volume={32}, journal={Electoral Studies}, author={Curtice, John}, year={2013}, pages={215–223} }

@inbook{Curtice_2016, title={Politics}, url={http://www.bsa.natcen.ac.uk/latest-report/british-social-attitudes-33/politics.aspx}, booktitle={British Social Attitudes 33.}, publisher={NatCen}, author={Curtice, John}, editor={Curtice, John and Phillips, Miranda and Clery, Elizabeth}, year={2016} }

@inbook{Curtice_2017, address={London}, title={Brexit}, volume={34}, url={http://www.bsa.natcen.ac.uk/latest-report/british-social-attitudes-34/brexit.aspx}, booktitle={British Social Attitudes 34}, publisher={NatCen}, author={Curtice, John}, editor={Clery, Elizabeth and Curtice, John and Harding, Roger}, year={2017} }

@inbook{Curtice_Seyd_2012, title={Constitutional reform: a recipe  for restoring faith in our democracy?}, url={http://www.bsa.natcen.ac.uk/latest-report/british-social-attitudes-29/constitutional-reform/introduction.aspx}, booktitle={British Social Attitudes 29}, publisher={NatCen}, author={Curtice, John and Seyd, Ben}, editor={Park, Alison and Clery, Elizabeth and Curtice, John and Phillips, Miranda and Utting, David}, year={2012} }

@inbook{Curtice_Simpson_2018, address={London}, title={Voting}, url={http://bsa.natcen.ac.uk/latest-report/british-social-attitudes-35/voting.aspx}, booktitle={British Social Attitudes 35}, publisher={NatCen}, author={Curtice, John and Simpson, Ian}, editor={Phillips, Daniel and Curtice, John and Phillips, Miranda and Perry, Jane}, year={2018}, pages={1–29} }

@book{Dalton_2017a, address={Oxford}, title={The participation gap: social status and political inequality}, url={https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/leicester/detail.action?docID=5090818}, publisher={Oxford University Press}, author={Dalton, Russell J.}, year={2017} }

@book{Dalton_2017b, address={Oxford}, title={The participation gap: social status and political inequality}, url={https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/leicester/detail.action?docID=5090818}, publisher={Oxford University Press}, author={Dalton, Russell J.}, year={2017} }

@book{Dalton_Klingemann_2009a, address={Oxford}, title={The Oxford handbook of political behavior}, url={https://eu.alma.exlibrisgroup.com/view/action/uresolver.do?operation=resolveService&package_service_id=8090668850002746&institutionId=2746&customerId=2745}, publisher={Oxford University Press}, author={Dalton, Russell J. and Klingemann, Hans-Dieter}, year={2009} }

@book{Dalton_Klingemann_2009b, address={Oxford}, title={The Oxford handbook of political behavior}, url={https://eu.alma.exlibrisgroup.com/view/action/uresolver.do?operation=resolveService&package_service_id=8090668850002746&institutionId=2746&customerId=2745}, publisher={Oxford University Press}, author={Dalton, Russell J. and Klingemann, Hans-Dieter}, year={2009} }

@book{Dalton_Klingemann_2009c, address={Oxford}, title={The Oxford handbook of political behavior}, url={https://eu.alma.exlibrisgroup.com/view/action/uresolver.do?operation=resolveService&package_service_id=8090668850002746&institutionId=2746&customerId=2745}, publisher={Oxford University Press}, author={Dalton, Russell J. and Klingemann, Hans-Dieter}, year={2009} }

@book{Dalton_Klingemann_2009d, address={Oxford}, title={The Oxford handbook of political behavior}, url={https://eu.alma.exlibrisgroup.com/view/action/uresolver.do?operation=resolveService&package_service_id=8090668850002746&institutionId=2746&customerId=2745}, publisher={Oxford University Press}, author={Dalton, Russell J. and Klingemann, Hans-Dieter}, year={2009} }

@book{Dalton, Russell J._Wattenberg, Martin P._2000, address={Oxford}, title={Parties without partisans: political change in advanced industrial democracies}, volume={Comparative politics}, url={http://ezproxy.lib.le.ac.uk/login?url=http://site.ebrary.com/lib/leicester/Doc?id=10273305}, publisher={Oxford University Press}, author={Dalton, Russell J. and Wattenberg, Martin P.}, year={2000} }

@book{DeBardeleben, Joan_Pammett, Jon H._2009, address={Basingstoke}, title={Activating the citizen: Dilemmas of participation in Europe and Canada}, url={http://ezproxy.lib.le.ac.uk/login?url=http://www.palgraveconnect.com/doifinder/10.1057/9780230240902}, publisher={Palgrave Macmillan}, author={DeBardeleben, Joan and Pammett, Jon H.}, year={2009} }

@book{Della Porta_Diani_2006, address={Oxford}, edition={2nd Revised edition}, title={Social Movements: An Introduction}, url={http://ezproxy.lib.le.ac.uk/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=nlebk&AN=141284}, publisher={John Wiley and Sons Ltd}, author={Della Porta, Donatella and Diani, Mario}, year={2006} }

@book{Dennis_2018, address={Cham}, edition={1st ed. 2019}, title={Beyond Slacktivism}, url={https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/leicester/detail.action?docID=5568402}, publisher={Springer Nature Switzerland AG}, author={Dennis, James}, year={2018} }

@book{Denver, D. T._Carman, Christopher_Johns, Robert_2012, address={Basingstoke}, edition={3rd ed}, title={Elections and voters in Britain}, volume={Contemporary political studies}, publisher={Palgrave Macmillan}, author={Denver, D. T. and Carman, Christopher and Johns, Robert}, year={2012} }

@article{Denver_2015, title={The Results: How Britain Voted}, volume={68}, DOI={10.1093/pa/gsv024}, number={suppl 1}, journal={Parliamentary Affairs}, author={Denver, David}, year={2015}, month={Sep}, pages={5–24} }

@article{Denver_2018, title={The Results: How Britain Voted1}, volume={71}, DOI={10.1093/pa/gsx059}, number={suppl_1}, journal={Parliamentary Affairs}, author={Denver, David}, year={2018}, month={Mar}, pages={8–28} }

@book{Denver_Garnett_2014, title={British General Elections Since 1964: Diversity, Dealignment, and Disillusion}, url={https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/leicester/detail.action?docID=1635569}, publisher={Oxford University Press, USA}, author={Denver, David and Garnett, Mark}, year={2014} }

@book{Deth_1997, address={London}, title={Private Groups and Public Life: Social Participation}, volume={European political science series}, url={http://lib.myilibrary.com?id=5575}, publisher={Taylor & Francis}, author={Deth, Jan Van}, year={1997} }

@article{van Deth_2014, title={A conceptual map of political participation}, volume={49}, DOI={10.1057/ap.2014.6}, number={3}, journal={Acta Politica}, author={van Deth, Jan W}, year={2014}, month={Jul}, pages={349–367} }

@book{Deth, Jan W. van_Maloney, William A._2012, address={Abingdon}, title={New participatory dimensions in civil society: professionalization and individualized collective action}, volume={Routledge/ECPR studies in European political science}, url={http://site.ebrary.com/lib/leicester/Doc?id=10545502}, publisher={Routledge}, author={Deth, Jan W. van and Maloney, William A.}, year={2012} }

@book{Deth_Montero_Westholm_2006, address={London}, title={Citizenship and involvement in European democracies: a comparative analysis}, volume={Routledge research in comparative politics}, publisher={Routledge}, author={Deth, Jan W. van and Montero, José R. and Westholm, Anders}, year={2006} }

@article{Doherty_2003, title={‘The Preferred Way of Doing Things’: The British Direct Action Movement}, volume={56}, DOI={10.1093/pa/gsg109}, number={4}, journal={Parliamentary Affairs}, author={Doherty, B.}, year={2003}, month={Oct}, pages={669–686} }

@article{Doherty_1999, title={Paving the Way: the Rise of Direct Action against Road-building and the Changing Character of British Environmentalism}, volume={47}, DOI={10.1111/1467-9248.00200}, number={2}, journal={Political Studies}, author={Doherty, Brian}, year={1999}, month={Jun}, pages={275–291} }

@article{Doherty_Paterson_Plows_Wall_2003, title={Explaining the fuel protests}, volume={5}, DOI={10.1111/1467-856X.00093}, number={1}, journal={The British Journal of Politics and International Relations}, author={Doherty, Brian and Paterson, Matthew and Plows, Alexandra and Wall, Derek}, year={2003}, month={Feb}, pages={1–23} }

@article{Dominic Wring_2015, title={Exit Velocity: The Media Election}, volume={68}, url={http://pa.oxfordjournals.org/content/68/suppl_1/224.full.pdf+html}, number={suppl 1}, journal={Parliamentary Affairs}, publisher={Oxford University Press}, author={Dominic Wring}, year={2015}, pages={224–240} }

@book{Dorey, Peter_1999, address={Basingstoke}, title={The Major premiership: politics and policies under John Major, 1990-97}, url={http://ezproxy.lib.le.ac.uk/login?url=http://site.ebrary.com/lib/leicester/Doc?id=5001712}, publisher={Macmillan}, author={Dorey, Peter}, year={1999} }

@book{Dunleavy, Patrick_2000, address={Basingstoke}, title={Developments in British politics 6}, publisher={Macmillan}, author={Dunleavy, Patrick}, year={2000} }

@book{Dunleavy, Patrick_2003, address={Basingstoke}, title={Developments in British politics 7}, publisher={Palgrave Macmillan}, author={Dunleavy, Patrick}, year={2003} }

@book{Dunleavy, Patrick_2006, address={Basingstoke}, title={Developments in British politics 8}, publisher={Macmillan}, author={Dunleavy, Patrick}, year={2006} }

@misc{2002, address={London}, title={Voter Engagement among black and minority ethnic communities}, url={http://www.electoralcommission.org.uk/__data/assets/electoral_commission_pdf_file/0020/16094/Ethnicfinalreport_11586-6190__E__N__S__W__.pdf}, publisher={Electoral Commission}, author={Electoral Commission}, year={2002} }

@misc{2013a, address={London}, title={Police and Crime Commissioner Elections in England and Wales. Report on the administration of the elections held on 15 November 2012}, url={http://www.electoralcommission.org.uk/__data/assets/pdf_file/0003/154353/PCC-Elections-Report.pdf}, publisher={Electoral Commission}, author={Electoral Commission}, year={2013} }

@misc{2014a, address={London}, title={Scottish Independence Referendum: report on the referendum held on 18 September 2014}, url={http://www.electoralcommission.org.uk/__data/assets/pdf_ file/0010/179812/Scottish-independence-referendum-report.pdf}, publisher={Electoral Commission}, author={Electoral Commission}, year={2014} }

@book{European Consortium for Political Research_2013, address={Oxford}, title={The challenges of intra-party democracy}, volume={Comparative politics}, publisher={Oxford University Press}, author={European Consortium for Political Research}, editor={Cross, William P. and Katz, Richard S.}, year={2013} }

@book{Evans, Geoffrey_Norris, Pippa_1999a, address={London}, title={Critical elections: British parties and voters in long-term perspective}, url={http://ezproxy.lib.le.ac.uk/login?url=https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/leicester/detail.action?docID=537771}, publisher={SAGE}, author={Evans, Geoffrey and Norris, Pippa}, year={1999} }

@book{Evans, Geoffrey_Norris, Pippa_1999b, address={London}, title={Critical elections: British parties and voters in long-term perspective}, url={http://ezproxy.lib.le.ac.uk/login?url=https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/leicester/detail.action?docID=537771}, publisher={SAGE}, author={Evans, Geoffrey and Norris, Pippa}, year={1999} }

@inbook{Fisher_2008, address={Basingstoke}, title={Whither the parties?}, url={http://ezproxy.lib.le.ac.uk/login?url=http://www.palgraveconnect.com/doifinder/10.1057/9780230595088}, booktitle={Constitutional Futures Revisited}, publisher={Palgrave Macmillan}, author={Fisher, Justin}, editor={Hazell, Robert}, year={2008}, pages={249–266} }

@article{Fisher_Fieldhouse_Cutts_2014, title={Members Are Not the Only Fruit: Volunteer Activity in British Political Parties at the 2010 General Election}, volume={16}, DOI={10.1111/1467-856X.12011}, number={1}, journal={The British Journal of Politics & International Relations}, author={Fisher, Justin and Fieldhouse, Edward and Cutts, David}, year={2014}, pages={75–95} }

@article{Flinders_2016, title={The Problem with Democracy}, volume={69}, DOI={10.1093/pa/gsv008}, number={1}, journal={Parliamentary Affairs}, author={Flinders, Matthew}, year={2016}, month={Jan}, pages={181–203} }

@article{Fox_2009, title={Engagement and Participation: What the Public Want and How our Politicians Need to Respond}, volume={62}, DOI={10.1093/pa/gsp027}, number={4}, journal={Parliamentary Affairs}, author={Fox, R.}, year={2009}, month={Oct}, pages={673–685} }

@article{Fox_2013, title={Is it Time to Update the Definition of Political Participation? Political Participation in Britain: The Decline and Revival of Civic Culture}, DOI={10.1093/pa/gss094}, journal={Parliamentary Affairs}, author={Fox, S.}, year={2013}, month={Jan}, pages={1–11} }

@article{Furlong_Cartmel_2012, title={Social Change and Political Engagement Among Young People: Generation and the 2009/2010 British Election Survey}, volume={65}, DOI={10.1093/pa/gsr045}, number={1}, journal={Parliamentary Affairs}, author={Furlong, A. and Cartmel, F.}, year={2012}, month={Jan}, pages={13–28} }

@book{Garcia Albacete_2014, address={Basingstoke}, title={Young People’s Political Participation in Western Europe}, publisher={Palgrave Macmillan}, author={Garcia Albacete, Gema}, year={2014} }

@article{Gauja_2013a, title={The Individualisation of Party Politics: The Impact of Changing Internal Decision-Making Processes on Policy Development and Citizen Engagement}, DOI={10.1111/1467-856X.12035}, journal={The British Journal of Politics & International Relations}, author={Gauja, Anika}, year={2013} }

@book{Gauja_2013b, address={Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire}, title={The politics of party policy: from members to legislators}, url={http://ezproxy.lib.le.ac.uk/login?url=http://lib.myilibrary.com?id=471879}, publisher={Palgrave Macmillan}, author={Gauja, Anika}, year={2013} }

@article{Gavin_2010, title={Pressure Group Direct Action on Climate Change: The Role of the Media and the Web in Britain-A Case Study}, volume={12}, DOI={10.1111/j.1467-856X.2010.00411.x}, number={3}, journal={The British Journal of Politics & International Relations}, author={Gavin, Neil T.}, year={2010}, month={Apr}, pages={459–475} }

@article{di Gennaro_2006, title={The Internet and the Public: Online and Offline Political Participation in the United Kingdom}, volume={59}, DOI={10.1093/pa/gsl004}, number={2}, journal={Parliamentary Affairs}, author={di Gennaro, C.}, year={2006}, month={Feb}, pages={299–313} }

@misc{Gibson_Cantijoch, title={2010 may not have marked the first ‘internet election’, but digital platforms are of ever increasing importance in political campaigning | British Politics and Policy at LSE}, url={http://blogs.lse.ac.uk/politicsandpolicy/archives/16525}, journal={British Politics and Policy at LSE}, author={Gibson, R. and Cantijoch, M.} }

@article{Gibson_Cantijoch_2013, title={Conceptualizing and Measuring Participation in the Age of the Internet: Is Online Political Engagement Really Different to Offline?}, volume={75}, number={3}, journal={The Journal of Politics}, author={Gibson, Rachel and Cantijoch, Marta}, year={2013}, pages={701–716} }

@book{Gibson, Rachel_Nixon, P. G._Ward, Stephen_2003, address={London}, title={Political parties and the Internet: net gain?}, publisher={Routledge}, author={Gibson, Rachel and Nixon, P. G. and Ward, Stephen}, year={2003} }

@article{Gibson_2009, title={NEW MEDIA AND THE REVITALISATION OF POLITICS}, volume={45}, DOI={10.1080/00344890903129566}, number={3}, journal={Representation}, author={Gibson, Rachel K.}, year={2009}, month={Sep}, pages={289–299} }

@article{Gibson_Lusoli_Ward_2005, title={Online Participation in the UK: Testing a ‘Contextualised’ Model of Internet Effects1}, volume={7}, DOI={10.1111/j.1467-856X.2005.00209.x}, number={4}, journal={The British Journal of Politics and International Relations}, author={Gibson, Rachel K. and Lusoli, Wainer and Ward, Stephen}, year={2005}, month={Nov}, pages={561–583} }

@book{Goerres_2009, address={Basingstoke}, title={The political participation of older people in Europe: the greying of our democracies}, url={http://ezproxy.lib.le.ac.uk/login?url=http://www.palgraveconnect.com/doifinder/10.1057/9780230233959}, publisher={Palgrave Macmillan}, author={Goerres, Achim}, year={2009} }

@article{Goodwin_2010, title={Activism in Contemporary Extreme Right Parties: The Case of the British National Party (BNP)}, volume={20}, DOI={10.1080/17457280903450690}, number={1}, journal={Journal of Elections, Public Opinion & Parties}, author={Goodwin, Matthew J.}, year={2010}, month={Feb}, pages={31–54} }

@article{Goodwin_Heath_2016, title={The 2016 Referendum, Brexit and the Left Behind: An Aggregate-level Analysis of the Result}, volume={87}, DOI={http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/wol1/doi/10.1111/1467-923X.12285/full}, number={3}, journal={Political Quarterly}, author={Goodwin, Matthew J. and Heath, Oliver}, year={2016}, pages={323–332} }

@article{Grant_2001, title={Pressure Politics: From ‘Insider’ Politics to Direct Action?}, volume={54}, url={http://pa.oxfordjournals.org/content/54/2/337.full.pdf+html}, number={2}, journal={Parliamentary Affairs}, author={Grant, W.}, year={2001}, pages={337–348} }

@article{Grant_2003, title={Pressure Politics: The Challenges for Democracy}, volume={56}, DOI={10.1093/parlij/gsg020}, number={2}, journal={Parliamentary Affairs}, author={Grant, W.}, year={2003}, month={Apr}, pages={297–308} }

@article{Grant_2004, title={Pressure Politics: The Changing World of Pressure Groups}, volume={57}, DOI={10.1093/pa/gsh033}, number={2}, journal={Parliamentary Affairs}, author={Grant, W.}, year={2004}, month={Apr}, pages={408–419} }

@article{Grant_2005, title={Pressure Politics: A Politics of Collective Consumption?}, volume={58}, DOI={10.1093/pa/gsi028}, number={2}, journal={Parliamentary Affairs}, author={Grant, W.}, year={2005}, month={Apr}, pages={366–379} }

@book{Grant, Wyn_1993, address={Basingstoke}, edition={2nd ed}, title={Business and politics in Britain}, publisher={Macmillan}, author={Grant, Wyn}, year={1993} }

@book{Grant, Wyn_1995, address={New York}, edition={2nd ed}, title={Pressure groups, politics and democracy in Britain}, volume={Contemporary political studies}, publisher={Harvester Wheatsheaf}, author={Grant, Wyn}, year={1995} }

@book{Grant, Wyn_2000, address={Basingstoke}, title={Pressure Groups and British politics}, volume={Contemporary political studies}, publisher={Macmillan Press}, author={Grant, Wyn}, year={2000} }

@article{Grant_2008, title={The Changing Patterns of Group Politics in Britain}, volume={3}, DOI={10.1057/bp.2008.3}, number={2}, journal={British Politics}, author={Grant, Wyn}, year={2008}, month={Jun}, pages={204–222} }

@article{Grant_2014, title={Pressure Politics: The Role of Pressure Groups}, volume={5}, DOI={10.1111/2041-9066.12055}, number={2}, journal={Political Insight}, author={Grant, Wyn}, year={2014}, month={Sep}, pages={12–15} }

@book{Gurr_2012, address={E. Boulder}, edition={40th anniversary ed}, title={Why Men Rebel}, url={http://ezproxy.lib.le.ac.uk/login?url=http://lib.myilibrary.com?id=870103}, publisher={Paradigm}, author={Gurr, Ted Robert}, year={2012} }

@book{Halpin_2017a, title={Surviving Global Change?}, url={https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/leicester/detail.action?docID=5164703}, publisher={Routledge}, author={Halpin, Darren}, year={2017} }

@book{Halpin_2017b, title={Surviving Global Change?}, url={https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/leicester/detail.action?docID=5164703}, publisher={Routledge}, author={Halpin, Darren}, year={2017} }

@article{Halupka_2014, title={Clicktivism: A Systematic Heuristic}, volume={6}, DOI={10.1002/1944-2866.POI355}, number={2}, journal={Policy & Internet}, author={Halupka, Max}, year={2014}, month={Jun}, pages={115–132} }

@article{Halupka_2016, title={The rise of information activism: how to bridge dualisms and reconceptualise political participation}, volume={19}, DOI={10.1080/1369118X.2015.1119872}, number={10}, journal={Information, Communication & Society}, author={Halupka, Max}, year={2016}, month={Oct}, pages={1487–1503} }

@article{Harris, title={Welcome to the first e-election | Politics | The Guardian}, url={http://www.theguardian.com/politics/2010/mar/17/labour-conservatives-general-election-online}, journal={The Guardian}, author={Harris, J.} }

@book{Haute, Emilie van_2011, address={Brussels}, title={Party membership in Europe: exploration into the anthills of party politics}, volume={Science politique}, publisher={Editions de Université de Bruxelles}, author={Haute, Emilie van}, year={2011} }

@book{Hay, Colin_2010, address={Basingstoke}, title={New directions in political science: responding to the challenges of an interdependent world}, publisher={Palgrave Macmillan}, author={Hay, Colin}, year={2010} }

@article{Hay_Stoker_2009, title={REVITALISING POLITICS: HAVE WE LOST THE PLOT?}, volume={45}, DOI={10.1080/00344890903129681}, number={3}, journal={Representation}, author={Hay, Colin and Stoker, Gerry}, year={2009}, month={Sep}, pages={225–236} }

@article{Heath_Goodwin_2017, title={The 2017 General Election, Brexit and the Return to Two-Party Politics: An Aggregate-Level Analysis of the Result}, DOI={10.1111/1467-923X.12405}, journal={The Political Quarterly}, author={Heath, Oliver and Goodwin, Matthew}, year={2017}, month={Jul} }

@book{Heffernan, Richard_Cowley, Philip_Hay, Colin_2011a, address={Basingstoke}, title={Developments in British politics 9}, publisher={Palgrave Macmillan}, author={Heffernan, Richard and Cowley, Philip and Hay, Colin}, year={2011} }

@book{Heffernan, Richard_Cowley, Philip_Hay, Colin_2011b, address={Basingstoke}, title={Developments in British politics 9}, publisher={Palgrave Macmillan}, author={Heffernan, Richard and Cowley, Philip and Hay, Colin}, year={2011} }

@article{Helm, title={How the 2010 election will be won by blogs and tweets | Politics | The Observer}, url={http://www.theguardian.com/politics/2010/jan/03/labour-tory-internet-campaigns}, journal={The Observer}, author={Helm, T.} }

@article{Henn_Foard_2012, title={Young People, Political Participation and Trust in Britain}, volume={65}, DOI={10.1093/pa/gsr046}, number={1}, journal={Parliamentary Affairs}, author={Henn, M. and Foard, N.}, year={2012}, month={Jan}, pages={47–67} }

@article{Henn_Foard_2013, title={Social differentiation in young people’s political participation: the impact of social and educational factors on youth political engagement in Britain}, DOI={10.1080/13676261.2013.830704}, journal={Journal of Youth Studies}, author={Henn, Matt and Foard, Nick}, year={2013}, month={Sep}, pages={1–21} }

@article{Henn_Weinstein_2006, title={Young people and political (in)activism: why don’t young people vote?}, volume={34}, DOI={10.1332/030557306777695316}, number={3}, journal={Policy & Politics}, author={Henn, Matt and Weinstein, Mark}, year={2006}, month={Jul}, pages={517–534} }

@article{Henn_Weinstein_Forrest_2005, title={Uninterested Youth? Young People’s Attitudes towards Party Politics in Britain}, volume={53}, DOI={10.1111/j.1467-9248.2005.00544.x}, number={3}, journal={Political Studies}, author={Henn, Matt and Weinstein, Mark and Forrest, Sarah}, year={2005}, month={Sep}, pages={556–578} }

@article{Henn_Weinstein_Hodgkinson_2007, title={Social Capital and Political Participation: Understanding the Dynamics of Young People’s Political Disengagement in Contemporary Britain}, volume={6}, DOI={10.1017/S1474746407003818}, number={04}, journal={Social Policy and Society}, author={Henn, Matt and Weinstein, Mark and Hodgkinson, Sarah}, year={2007}, month={Oct} }

@article{HENN_WEINSTEIN_WRING_2002, title={A generation apart? Youth and political participation in Britain}, volume={4}, DOI={10.1111/1467-856X.t01-1-00001}, number={2}, journal={The British Journal of Politics and International Relations}, author={HENN, MATT and WEINSTEIN, MARK and WRING, DOMINIC}, year={2002}, month={Jun}, pages={167–192} }

@article{Henry E. Brady, Sidney Verba and Kay Lehman Schlozman_1995, title={Beyond Ses: A Resource Model of Political Participation}, volume={89}, url={http://www.jstor.org/stable/2082425}, number={2}, journal={The American Political Science Review}, publisher={American Political Science Association}, author={Henry E. Brady, Sidney Verba and Kay Lehman Schlozman}, year={1995}, pages={271–294} }

@book{Hindman, Matthew Scott_2009, address={Princeton, N.J.}, title={The myth of digital democracy}, url={http://ezproxy.lib.le.ac.uk/login?url=http://www.myilibrary.com?id=296467}, publisher={Princeton University Press}, author={Hindman, Matthew Scott}, year={2009} }

@article{Hooghe_Hosch-Dayican_van Deth_2014, title={Conceptualizing political participation}, volume={49}, DOI={10.1057/ap.2014.7}, journal={Acta Politica}, author={Hooghe, Mark and Hosch-Dayican, Bengü and van Deth, Jan W}, year={2014}, pages={337–348} }

@misc{2014b, address={London}, title={Voter Engagement in the UK: Fourth Report of the 2014- 2015 Session, HC232}, url={http://www.parliament.uk/voter-engagement-in-the-uk}, author={House of Commons Political and Constitutional Reform Committee}, year={2014} }

@misc{ address={London}, title={Political and Constitutional Reform - Fourth Report.  Voter engagement in the UK}, url={http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm201415/cmselect/cmpolcon/232/23202.htm}, publisher={House of Commons}, author={House of Commons Select Committee on Political and Constitutional Reform} }

@article{Huhne_2009, title={REVITALISING POLITICS: RESPONDING TO THE CHALLENGE}, volume={45}, DOI={10.1080/00344890903129608}, number={3}, journal={Representation}, author={Huhne, Chris}, year={2009}, month={Sep}, pages={325–335} }

@article{Jennings_Stoker_Twyman_2016a, title={The Dimensions and Impact of Political Discontent in Britain}, DOI={10.1093/pa/gsv067}, journal={Parliamentary Affairs}, author={Jennings, Will and Stoker, Gerry and Twyman, Joe}, year={2016}, month={Jan} }

@article{Jennings_Stoker_Twyman_2016b, title={The Dimensions and Impact of Political Discontent in Britain}, DOI={10.1093/pa/gsv067}, journal={Parliamentary Affairs}, author={Jennings, Will and Stoker, Gerry and Twyman, Joe}, year={2016}, month={Jan} }

@misc{Johnson_Marshall, address={London}, title={Political engagement among young people: an update}, url={http://ec.clients.squiz.co.uk/__data/assets/electoral_commission_pdf_file/0016/16135/Politicalengagementamongyoungpeople_14096-10669__E__N__S__W__.pdf}, publisher={Electoral Commission}, author={Johnson, C. and Marshall, B.} }

@book{Jordan, A. G._Maloney, William A._1997, address={Manchester}, title={The protest business?: mobilizing campaign groups}, volume={Issues in environmental politics}, publisher={Manchester University Press}, author={Jordan, A. G. and Maloney, William A.}, year={1997} }

@book{Jordan, A. G._Maloney, William A._2007, address={New York}, title={Democracy and interest groups: enhancing participation?}, publisher={Palgrave Macmillan}, author={Jordan, A. G. and Maloney, William A.}, year={2007} }

@book{Jowell, Roger_National Centre for Social Research_1999, address={Aldershot}, title={British social attitudes: The 16th report: Who shares the New Labour values?}, publisher={Ashgate}, author={Jowell, Roger and National Centre for Social Research}, year={1999} }

@book{Joyce_Joyce_2002, title={Politics of Protest, The: Extra-Parliamentary Politics in Britain Since 1970}, publisher={Palgrave MacMillan}, author={Joyce, P and Joyce, Peter Dr}, year={2002} }

@book{Katz_Crotty_2012, address={London}, title={Handbook of Party Politics}, publisher={SAGE Publications Ltd}, author={Katz, Richard S and Crotty, William J}, year={2012} }

@article{Kellner, title={Down with people power}, url={http://www.prospectmagazine.co.uk/features/downwithpeoplepower}, journal={Prospect}, author={Kellner, Peter} }

@article{KELSO_2007, title={Parliament and Political Disengagement: Neither Waving nor Drowning}, volume={78}, DOI={10.1111/j.1467-923X.2007.00865.x}, number={3}, journal={The Political Quarterly}, author={KELSO, ALEXANDRA}, year={2007}, month={Jul}, pages={364–373} }

@article{Kimberlee_2002, title={Why Don’t British Young People Vote at General Elections?}, volume={5}, DOI={10.1080/13676260120111788}, number={1}, journal={Journal of Youth Studies}, author={Kimberlee, Richard H.}, year={2002}, month={Mar}, pages={85–98} }

@misc{King, title={Why a poor turn-out points to a democracy in good health - Telegraph}, url={http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1331055/Why-a-poor-turn-out-points-to-a-democracy-in-good-health.html}, author={King, A.} }

@book{King, Anthony_1977, address={Washington, D.C.}, title={Britain says yes: the 1975 referendum on the Common Market}, volume={AEI studies}, publisher={American Enterprise Institute for Public Policy Research}, author={King, Anthony}, year={1977} }

@book{King, Anthony_2007, address={Oxford}, title={The British Constitution}, url={http://ezproxy.lib.le.ac.uk/login?url=http://www.myilibrary.com?id=238231}, publisher={Oxford University Press}, author={King, Anthony}, year={2007} }

@book{Klingemann, Hans-Dieter_Fuchs, Dieter_1995, address={Oxford}, title={Citizens and the state}, volume={Beliefs in government}, url={https://blackboard.le.ac.uk/bbcswebdav/pid-824511-dt-content-rid-2072834_5/library/eReserves/PL3127/PL3127_27694.pdf}, publisher={Oxford University Press}, author={Klingemann, Hans-Dieter and Fuchs, Dieter}, year={1995} }

@article{Kölln_2016, title={Party membership in Europe}, volume={22}, DOI={10.1177/1354068814550432}, number={4}, journal={Party Politics}, author={Kölln, Ann-Kristin}, year={2016}, month={Jul}, pages={465–477} }

@book{Kriesi, Hanspeter_1995, address={Minneapolis}, title={New social movements in Western Europe: a comparative analysis}, volume={Social movements, protest, and contention}, url={http://site.ebrary.com/lib/leicester/Doc?id=10159405}, publisher={University of Minnesota Press}, author={Kriesi, Hanspeter}, year={1995} }

@book{Kuhn, Raymond_2007, address={Basingstoke}, title={Politics and the media in Britain}, volume={Contemporary political studies}, publisher={Palgrave Macmillan}, author={Kuhn, Raymond}, year={2007} }

@article{Lawrence LeDuc, title={Why did Britain vote for change when so many referendums end in the status quo?}, url={https://theconversation.com/why-did-britain-vote-for-change-when-so-many-referendums-end-in-the-status-quo-61970}, journal={The Conversation}, author={Lawrence LeDuc} }

@misc{Lawrence_Birch, address={London}, title={The Democracy Commission: Reforming Democracy to Combat Political Inequality}, url={http://www.ippr.org/files/publications/pdf/democracy-commission_Aug2015.pdf?noredirect=1}, publisher={Institute for Public Policy Research}, author={Lawrence, Matthew and Birch, Sarah} }

@book{LeDuc, Lawrence_2003, address={Peterborough, Ont}, title={The politics of direct democracy: referendums in global perspective}, url={http://le.alma.exlibrisgroup.com/view/action/uresolver.do?operation=resolveService&package_service_id=5664316980002746&institutionId=2746&customerId=2745}, publisher={Broadview Press}, author={LeDuc, Lawrence}, year={2003} }

@article{LeDuc_2015, title={Referendums and deliberative democracy}, volume={38}, DOI={10.1016/j.electstud.2015.02.007}, journal={Electoral Studies}, author={LeDuc, Lawrence}, year={2015}, month={Jun}, pages={139–148} }

@inbook{Lee_Young_2013, title={A disengaged Britain? Political interest and participation  over 30 years}, url={http://www.bsa.natcen.ac.uk/latest-report/british-social-attitudes-30/politics/introduction.aspx}, booktitle={British Social Attitudes 30}, publisher={NatCen}, author={Lee, Lucy and Young, Penny}, editor={Park, Alison and Bryson, Caroline and Clery, Elizabeth and Curtice, John and Phillips, Miranda}, year={2013} }

@book{Lent, Adam_2001, address={Basingstoke}, title={British social movements since 1945: sex, colour, peace and power}, volume={Contemporary history in context series}, publisher={Palgrave}, author={Lent, Adam}, year={2001} }

@article{Lent_2003, title={The transformation of gay and lesbian politics in Britain1}, volume={5}, DOI={10.1111/1467-856X.00094}, number={1}, journal={The British Journal of Politics and International Relations}, author={Lent, Adam}, year={2003}, month={Feb}, pages={24–49} }

@article{Lilleker_Koc-Michalska_2017, title={What Drives Political Participation? Motivations and Mobilization in a Digital Age}, volume={34}, DOI={10.1080/10584609.2016.1225235}, number={1}, journal={Political Communication}, author={Lilleker, Darren G. and Koc-Michalska, Karolina}, year={2017}, month={Jan}, pages={21–43} }

@article{Low_2013, title={The changing nature of activist engagement within the Conservative Party: A review of Susan Scarrow’s task-orientated approach to party membership}, DOI={10.1057/bp.2013.10}, journal={British Politics}, author={Low, Mark}, year={2013}, month={Apr} }

@article{Lowndes_2004, title={Getting On or Getting By? Women, Social Capital and Political Participation}, volume={6}, DOI={10.1111/j.1467-856X.2004.00126.x}, number={1}, journal={The British Journal of Politics and International Relations}, author={Lowndes, Vivien}, year={2004}, month={Feb}, pages={45–64} }

@article{Lukas Audickas, title={Membership of UK political parties}, url={https://researchbriefings.parliament.uk/ResearchBriefing/Summary/SN05125}, author={Lukas Audickas} }

@article{Lusoli_Ward_2004, title={Digital Rank-and-file: Party Activists’ Perceptions and Use of the Internet}, volume={6}, DOI={10.1111/j.1467-856X.2004.00150.x}, number={4}, journal={The British Journal of Politics and International Relations}, author={Lusoli, Wainer and Ward, Stephen}, year={2004}, month={Nov}, pages={453–470} }

@article{Mair_van Biezen_2001, title={Party Membership in Twenty European Democracies, 1980-2000}, volume={7}, DOI={10.1177/1354068801007001001}, number={1}, journal={Party Politics}, author={Mair, P. and van Biezen, I.}, year={2001}, month={Jan}, pages={5–21} }

@article{Maloney_2009, title={INTEREST GROUPS AND THE REVITALISATION OF DEMOCRACY: ARE WE EXPECTING TOO MUCH?}, volume={45}, DOI={10.1080/00344890903129541}, number={3}, journal={Representation}, author={Maloney, William}, year={2009}, month={Sep}, pages={277–287} }

@book{Marsh, Alan_1977, address={Beverly Hills, Calif}, title={Protest and political consciousness}, volume={Sage library of social research}, publisher={Sage Publications}, author={Marsh, Alan}, year={1977} }

@book{Marsh, David_O’Toole, Therese_Jones, Su_2007a, address={Basingstoke}, title={Young people and politics in the UK: apathy or alienation?}, publisher={Palgrave Macmillan}, author={Marsh, David and O’Toole, Therese and Jones, Su}, year={2007} }

@book{Marsh, David_O’Toole, Therese_Jones, Su_2007b, address={Basingstoke}, title={Young people and politics in the UK: apathy or alienation?}, publisher={Palgrave Macmillan}, author={Marsh, David and O’Toole, Therese and Jones, Su}, year={2007} }

@book{Marsh, David_O’Toole, Therese_Jones, Su_2007c, address={Basingstoke}, title={Young people and politics in the UK: apathy or alienation?}, publisher={Palgrave Macmillan}, author={Marsh, David and O’Toole, Therese and Jones, Su}, year={2007} }

@article{Marsh_Vines_Halupka_2016, title={Two Cheers for Richards and Smith: Beyond Anti-Politics?}, volume={87}, DOI={10.1111/1467-923X.12247}, number={3}, journal={The Political Quarterly}, author={Marsh, David and Vines, Emma and Halupka, Max}, year={2016}, month={Jul}, pages={383–388} }

@article{Marsh_2016, title={Democratic Discontents. Comment on: Flinders, M. (2015) The Problem with Democracy}, volume={69}, DOI={10.1093/pa/gsv007}, number={1}, journal={Parliamentary Affairs}, author={Marsh, Ian}, year={2016}, month={Jan}, pages={207–210} }

@article{McAllister_2001, title={Explaining turnout in the 2001 British General Election∗}, volume={38}, DOI={10.1080/00344890108523188}, number={3}, journal={Representation}, author={McAllister, Ian}, year={2001}, month={Dec}, pages={256–267} }

@article{McAllister_1998, title={The Welsh Devolution Referendum: Definitely, Maybe?}, volume={51}, number={2}, journal={Parliamentary Affairs}, author={McAllister, L.}, year={1998}, pages={149–165} }

@article{Mchugh_2006, title={Wanting to be Heard But Not Wanting to Act? Addressing Political Disengagement}, volume={59}, DOI={10.1093/pa/gsl027}, number={3}, journal={Parliamentary Affairs}, author={Mchugh, D.}, year={2006}, month={May}, pages={546–552} }

@book{Milner, Henry_2010, address={Lebanon NH}, title={The internet generation: engaged citizens or political dropouts}, volume={Civil society, historical and contemporary perspectives}, url={http://ezproxy.lib.le.ac.uk/login?url=http://site.ebrary.com/lib/leicester/Doc?id=10395900}, publisher={University Press of New England}, author={Milner, Henry}, year={2010} }

@article{Mitchell_Bennie_Johns_2017, title={Referendum as platform: the SNP and Scottish Green membership surge}, volume={8}, number={3}, journal={Political Insight}, author={Mitchell, James and Bennie, Lynn and Johns, Rob}, year={2017}, pages={16–19} }

@book{Mitchell, James_Bennie, Lynn G._Johns, Robert_2012, address={Oxford}, title={The Scottish National Party: transition to power}, publisher={Oxford University Press}, author={Mitchell, James and Bennie, Lynn G. and Johns, Robert}, year={2012} }

@article{de Moor_2016, title={Lifestyle politics and the concept of political participation}, DOI={10.1057/ap.2015.27}, journal={Acta Politica}, author={de Moor, Joost}, year={2016}, month={Jan} }

@book{Muller_1979, address={New Jersey}, title={Aggressive Political Participation}, publisher={Princeton University Press}, author={Muller, Edward N.}, year={1979} }

@article{Mycock_Tonge_2012, title={The Party Politics of Youth Citizenship and Democratic Engagement}, volume={65}, DOI={10.1093/pa/gsr053}, number={1}, journal={Parliamentary Affairs}, author={Mycock, A. and Tonge, J.}, year={2012}, month={Jan}, pages={138–161} }

@article{Norris_1991, title={Gender Differences in Political Participation in Britain: Traditional, Radical and Revisionist Models}, volume={26}, DOI={10.1111/j.1477-7053.1991.tb01124.x}, number={01}, journal={Government and Opposition}, author={Norris, Pippa}, year={1991}, month={Jan}, pages={56–74} }

@book{Norris, Pippa_2001a, address={Oxford}, title={Britain votes, 2001}, volume={Hansard Society}, publisher={Oxford University Press}, author={Norris, Pippa}, year={2001} }

@book{Norris, Pippa_2001b, address={Cambridge}, title={Digital divide: civic engagement, information poverty, and the Internet worldwide}, volume={Communication, society and politics}, publisher={Cambridge University Press}, author={Norris, Pippa}, year={2001} }

@book{Norris_2001, address={Cambridge}, title={Digital Divide? Civic Engagement, Information Poverty and the Internet Worldwide.}, publisher={Cambridge University Press}, author={Norris, Pippa}, year={2001} }

@book{Norris, Pippa_2002a, address={Cambridge}, title={Democratic phoenix: reinventing political activism}, publisher={Cambridge University Press}, author={Norris, Pippa}, year={2002} }

@book{Norris, Pippa_2002b, address={Cambridge}, title={Democratic phoenix: reinventing political activism}, publisher={Cambridge University Press}, author={Norris, Pippa}, year={2002} }

@book{Norris, Pippa_2002c, address={Cambridge}, title={Democratic phoenix: reinventing political activism}, publisher={Cambridge University Press}, author={Norris, Pippa}, year={2002} }

@book{Norris, Pippa_2002d, address={Cambridge}, title={Democratic phoenix: reinventing political activism}, publisher={Cambridge University Press}, author={Norris, Pippa}, year={2002} }

@book{Norris_2011, address={Cambridge}, title={Democratic deficit: critical citizens revisited}, publisher={Cambridge University Press}, author={Norris, Pippa}, year={2011} }

@book{Norris, Pippa_Gavin, Neil T._1997, address={Oxford}, title={Britain votes, 1997}, volume={Series in politics and government}, publisher={Oxford University Press}, author={Norris, Pippa and Gavin, Neil T.}, year={1997} }

@article{Oliver Hawkins, title={UK Election Statistics: 1918-2017}, url={http://researchbriefings.parliament.uk/ResearchBriefing/Summary/CBP-7529}, author={Oliver Hawkins} }

@article{O’Toole_Lister_Marsh_Jones_McDonagh_2003, title={Tuning out or left out? Participation and non-participation among young people}, volume={9}, DOI={10.1080/1356977032000072477}, number={1}, journal={Contemporary Politics}, author={O’Toole, Therese and Lister, Michael and Marsh, Dave and Jones, Su and McDonagh, Alex}, year={2003}, month={Mar}, pages={45–61} }

@article{O’Toole_Marsh_Jones_2003, title={Political Literacy Cuts Both Ways: The Politics of Non-participation among Young People}, volume={74}, DOI={10.1111/1467-923X.00544}, number={3}, journal={The Political Quarterly}, author={O’Toole, Therese and Marsh, David and Jones, Su}, year={2003}, month={Jul}, pages={349–360} }

@article{Page_1999, title={The insider/outsider distinction: an empirical investigation}, volume={1}, DOI={10.1111/1467-856X.00011}, number={2}, journal={The British Journal of Politics and International Relations}, author={Page, Edward C.}, year={1999}, month={Jun}, pages={205–214} }

@book{Park, Alison_2003, address={London}, title={British social attitudes: the 20th report : continuity and change over two decades}, url={http://ezproxy.lib.le.ac.uk/login?url=http://site.ebrary.com/lib/leicester/Doc?id=10080878}, publisher={SAGE}, author={Park, Alison}, year={2003} }

@book{Park, Alison_2004a, address={London}, title={British social attitudes: the 21st report : continuity and change over two decades}, url={http://site.ebrary.com/lib/leicester/Doc?id=10256787}, publisher={SAGE}, author={Park, Alison}, year={2004} }

@book{Park, Alison_2004b, address={London}, title={British social attitudes: the 21st report : continuity and change over two decades}, url={http://site.ebrary.com/lib/leicester/Doc?id=10256787}, publisher={SAGE}, author={Park, Alison}, year={2004} }

@book{Park, Alison_2012, address={Los Angeles, Calif}, edition={2011-2012 edition}, title={British social attitudes: The 28th report}, url={http://www.bsa.natcen.ac.uk/latest-report/british-social-attitudes-28/political-engagement.aspx}, publisher={Sage}, author={Park, Alison}, year={2012} }

@book{Park, Alison_National Centre for Social Research_2002, address={London}, title={British social attitudes: the 19th report}, url={http://ezproxy.lib.le.ac.uk/login?url=http://site.ebrary.com/lib/leicester/detail.action?docID=10348609}, publisher={SAGE}, author={Park, Alison and National Centre for Social Research}, year={2002} }

@book{Park, Alison_National Centre for Social Research_2008, address={London}, title={British social attitudes: the 24th report}, url={http://le.alma.exlibrisgroup.com/view/action/uresolver.do?operation=resolveService&package_service_id=5664380620002746&institutionId=2746&customerId=2745}, publisher={SAGE}, author={Park, Alison and National Centre for Social Research}, year={2008} }

@book{Park, Alison_National Centre for Social Research_2010, address={London}, title={British social attitudes: the 26th report}, url={https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/leicester/detail.action?docID=254593}, publisher={SAGE}, author={Park, Alison and National Centre for Social Research}, year={2010} }

@article{Parry_Moyser_1990, title={A Map of Political Participation in Britain}, volume={25}, number={02}, journal={Government and Opposition}, author={Parry, Geraint and Moyser, George}, year={1990}, month={Apr}, pages={147–169} }

@book{Parry, Geraint_Moyser, George_Day, Neil_1992, address={Cambridge}, title={Political participation and democracy in Britain}, publisher={Cambridge University Press}, author={Parry, Geraint and Moyser, George and Day, Neil}, year={1992} }

@article{Pattie_2003, title={Civic Attitudes and Engagement in Modern Britain}, volume={56}, DOI={10.1093/pa/gsg106}, number={4}, journal={Parliamentary Affairs}, author={Pattie, C.}, year={2003}, month={Oct}, pages={616–633} }

@article{Pattie_Johnston_2007, title={Power to the People Through ‘Real Power and True Elections’? The Power Report and Revitalising British Democracy}, volume={60}, DOI={10.1093/pa/gsm005}, number={2}, journal={Parliamentary Affairs}, author={Pattie, C. and Johnston, R.}, year={2007}, month={Mar}, pages={253–278} }

@book{Pattie, C. J._Seyd, Patrick_Whiteley, Paul_2004a, address={Cambridge}, title={Citizenship in Britain: values, participation and democracy}, url={http://ezproxy.lib.le.ac.uk/login?url=http://www.myilibrary.com?id=74997}, publisher={Cambridge University Press}, author={Pattie, C. J. and Seyd, Patrick and Whiteley, Paul}, year={2004} }

@book{Pattie, C. J._Seyd, Patrick_Whiteley, Paul_2004b, address={Cambridge}, title={Citizenship in Britain: values, participation and democracy}, url={http://ezproxy.lib.le.ac.uk/login?url=http://www.myilibrary.com?id=74997}, publisher={Cambridge University Press}, author={Pattie, C. J. and Seyd, Patrick and Whiteley, Paul}, year={2004} }

@article{Pattie_Johnston_2001, title={A Low Turnout Landslide: Abstention at the British General Election of 1997}, volume={49}, DOI={10.1111/1467-9248.00314}, number={2}, journal={Political Studies}, author={Pattie, Charles and Johnston, Ron}, year={2001}, month={Jun}, pages={286–305} }

@article{Paul F. Whiteley, Patrick Seyd, Jeremy Richardson and Paul Bissell_1994, title={Explaining Party Activism: The Case of the British Conservative Party}, volume={24}, url={http://www.jstor.org/stable/194186}, number={1}, journal={British Journal of Political Science}, publisher={Cambridge University Press}, author={Paul F. Whiteley, Patrick Seyd, Jeremy Richardson and Paul Bissell}, year={1994}, pages={79–94} }

@article{Pemberton_Wickham-Jones_2013, title={Labour’s lost grassroots: The rise and fall of party membership}, volume={8}, DOI={10.1057/bp.2012.27}, number={2}, journal={British Politics}, author={Pemberton, Hugh and Wickham-Jones, Mark}, year={2013}, month={Jun}, pages={181–206} }

@article{Peter A. Hall_1999, title={Social Capital in Britain}, volume={29}, url={http://www.jstor.org/stable/194145}, number={3}, journal={British Journal of Political Science}, publisher={Cambridge University Press}, author={Peter A. Hall}, year={1999}, pages={417–461} }

@article{Phelps_2004, title={Young Citizens and Changing Electoral Turnout, 1964-2001}, volume={75}, DOI={10.1111/j.1467-923X.2004.00608.x}, number={3}, journal={The Political Quarterly}, author={Phelps, Edward}, year={2004}, month={Jul}, pages={238–248} }

@article{PHELPS_2005, title={Young Voters at the 2005 British General Election}, volume={76}, DOI={10.1111/j.1467-923X.2005.00710.x}, number={4}, journal={The Political Quarterly}, author={PHELPS, EDWARD}, year={2005}, month={Oct}, pages={482–487} }

@inbook{Pickard_2017, address={Basingstoke}, title={Momentum and the Movementist ‘Corbynistas’: Young People Regenerating the Labour Party in Britain}, volume={Palgrave studies in young people and politics}, url={http://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-319-58250-4_7}, DOI={10.1007/978-3-319-58250-4_7}, booktitle={Young people re-generating politics in times of crises}, publisher={Palgrave Macmillan}, author={Pickard, Sarah}, editor={Pickard, Sarah and Bessant, Judith}, year={2017}, pages={115–137} }

@book{Pickard_Bessant_2017, address={Cham}, edition={1st ed. 2018}, title={Young People Re-Generating Politics in Times of Crises}, publisher={Springer International Publishing AG}, author={Pickard, Sarah and Bessant, Judith}, year={2017} }

@article{Plows_2008, title={Towards an Analysis of the ‘Success’ of UK Green Protests}, volume={3}, DOI={10.1057/palgrave.bp.4200081}, number={1}, journal={British Politics}, author={Plows, Alexandra}, year={2008}, month={Apr}, pages={92–109} }

@article{Ponce_Scarrow_2016, title={Which members? Using cross-national surveys to study party membership}, volume={22}, DOI={10.1177/1354068814550435}, number={6}, journal={Party Politics}, author={Ponce, Aldo F and Scarrow, Susan E}, year={2016}, month={Nov}, pages={679–690} }

@misc{2006, title={Power to the People: an independent inquiry into Britain’s democracy - the full report | Joseph Rowntree Reform Trust}, url={http://www.jrrt.org.uk/publications/power-people-independent-inquiry-britains-democracy-full-report}, author={Power Inquiry}, year={2006} }

@article{Putnam_1995, title={Bowling Alone: America’s Declining Social Capital}, volume={6}, DOI={10.1353/jod.1995.0002}, number={1}, journal={Journal of Democracy}, author={Putnam, Robert D.}, year={1995}, pages={65–78} }

@book{Putnam, Robert D._2000, address={New York}, title={Bowling alone: the collapse and revival of American community}, publisher={Simon & Schuster}, author={Putnam, Robert D.}, year={2000} }

@article{Quinlan_Shephard_Paterson_2015, title={Online discussion and the 2014 Scottish independence referendum: Flaming keyboards or forums for deliberation?}, volume={38}, DOI={10.1016/j.electstud.2015.02.009}, journal={Electoral Studies}, author={Quinlan, Stephen and Shephard, Mark and Paterson, Lindsay}, year={2015}, month={Jun}, pages={192–205} }

@article{Qvortrup_2006, title={DEMOCRACY BY DELEGATION: THE DECISION TO HOLD REFERENDUMS IN THE UNITED KINGDOM}, volume={42}, DOI={10.1080/00344890600583792}, number={1}, journal={Representation}, author={Qvortrup, Matt}, year={2006}, month={Apr}, pages={59–72} }

@article{QVORTRUP_2012, title={Voting on Electoral Reform: A Comparative Perspective on the Alternative Vote Referendum in the United Kingdom}, volume={83}, DOI={10.1111/j.1467-923X.2012.02270.x}, number={1}, journal={The Political Quarterly}, author={QVORTRUP, MATT}, year={2012}, month={Jan}, pages={108–116} }

@book{Qvortrup_2013, address={Manchester}, title={Politics of Participation}, publisher={Manchester University Press}, author={Qvortrup, Matt}, year={2013} }

@article{Qvortrup_2015, title={Power to the People! But How? the Different Uses of Referendums around the WorldAltmanD. (2011) Direct Democracy Worldwide. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.BernhardL. (2012) Campaign Strategy in Direct Democracy. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.HoboltS. B. (2009) Europe in Question: Referendums on European Integration. Oxford: Oxford University Press.SchillerT. (ed.) (2011) Local Direct Democracy in Europe. Wiesbaden: VS Verlag.SetäläM. and SchillerT. (eds) (2012) Citizens’ Initiatives in Europe: Procedures and Consequences of Agenda-Setting by Citizens. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.TierneyS. (2012) Constitutional Referendums: The Theory and Practice of Republican Deliberation. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Wyn JonesR. and ScullyR. (2012) Wales Says Yes: Devolution and the 2011 Welsh Referendum. Cardiff: University of Wales Press.}, volume={13}, DOI={10.1111/1478-9302.12046}, number={1}, journal={Political Studies Review}, author={Qvortrup, Matt}, year={2015}, month={Feb}, pages={37–45} }

@book{Qvortrup_2017, address={Manchester, UK}, title={Direct democracy: a comparative study of the theory and practice of government by the people}, publisher={Manchester University Press}, author={Qvortrup, Matt}, year={2017} }

@book{Qvortrup_2018a, address={Manchester}, title={Government by referendum}, publisher={Manchester University Press}, author={Qvortrup, Matt}, year={2018} }

@article{Rallings_Thrasher_2003, title={Local Electoral Participation in Britain}, volume={56}, DOI={10.1093/pa/gsg111}, number={4}, journal={Parliamentary Affairs}, author={Rallings, C. and Thrasher, M.}, year={2003}, month={Oct}, pages={700–715} }

@article{Rallings_Thrasher_2006, title={‘Just Another Expensive Talking Shop’: Public Attitudes and the 2004 Regional Assembly Referendum in the North East of England}, volume={40}, DOI={10.1080/00343400600929069}, number={8}, journal={Regional Studies}, author={Rallings, Colin and Thrasher, Michael}, year={2006}, month={Nov}, pages={927–936} }

@article{Rallings_Thrasher_Cowling_2013, title={Mayoral referendums and elections revisited}, DOI={10.1057/bp.2013.14}, journal={British Politics}, author={Rallings, Colin and Thrasher, Michael and Cowling, David}, year={2013}, month={Jun} }

@book{Richards, David_Smith, Martin J._2002, address={Oxford}, title={Governance and public policy in the United Kingdom}, publisher={Oxford University Press}, author={Richards, David and Smith, Martin J.}, year={2002} }

@article{Richards_Smith_2015, title={In Defence of British Politics Against the British Political Tradition}, volume={86}, number={1}, journal={Political Quarterly}, author={Richards, David and Smith, Martin J.}, year={2015}, pages={41–51} }

@article{Richardson_1995, title={The market for political activism: Interest groups as a challenge to political parties}, volume={18}, DOI={10.1080/01402389508425060}, number={1}, journal={West European Politics}, author={Richardson, Jeremy}, year={1995}, month={Jan}, pages={116–139} }

@article{Richardson_2000, title={Government, Interest Groups and Policy Change}, volume={48}, DOI={10.1111/1467-9248.00292}, number={5}, journal={Political Studies}, author={Richardson, Jeremy}, year={2000}, month={Dec}, pages={1006–1025} }

@article{Richardson_2018, title={The Changing British Policy Style: From Governance to Government?}, volume={13}, DOI={10.1057/s41293-017-0051-y}, number={2}, journal={British Politics}, author={Richardson, Jeremy}, year={2018}, month={Jun}, pages={215–233} }

@book{Riddell, Peter_2011, address={London}, title={In defence of politicians: (in spite of themselves)}, publisher={Biteback}, author={Riddell, Peter}, year={2011} }

@article{Robinson_2003, title={Fuel Protests: Governing the Ungovernable?}, volume={56}, DOI={10.1093/parlij/gsg098}, number={3}, journal={Parliamentary Affairs}, author={Robinson, N.}, year={2003}, month={Jul}, pages={423–440} }

@article{Robinson_2002, title={The Politics of the Fuel Protests: Towards a Multi-Dimensional Explanation}, volume={73}, DOI={10.1111/1467-923X.00442}, number={1}, journal={The Political Quarterly}, author={Robinson, Nick}, year={2002}, month={Jan}, pages={58–66} }

@book{Rootes, Chris_1999, address={London}, title={Environmental movements: local, national, and global}, publisher={Frank Cass}, author={Rootes, Chris}, year={1999} }

@book{Rootes, Chris_2003, address={Oxford}, title={Environmental protest in western Europe}, volume={Comparative politics}, publisher={Oxford University Press}, author={Rootes, Chris}, year={2003} }

@article{Rootes_2006, title={Facing south? British environmental movement organisations and the challenge of globalisation}, volume={15}, DOI={10.1080/09644010600937207}, number={5}, journal={Environmental Politics}, author={Rootes, Christopher}, year={2006}, month={Nov}, pages={768–786} }

@article{Rootes_2007, title={Acting locally: The character, contexts and significance of local environmental mobilisations}, volume={16}, DOI={10.1080/09644010701640460}, number={5}, journal={Environmental Politics}, author={Rootes, Christopher}, year={2007}, month={Nov}, pages={722–741} }

@book{Runciman_1966, address={Pyrmont}, title={Relative Deprivation and Social Justice: A Study of Attitudes to Social Inequality in Twentieth Century England}, publisher={Law Book Co of Australasia}, author={Runciman, W. G.}, year={1966} }

@article{Russell_2005, title={Political Parties as Vehicles of Political Engagement}, volume={58}, DOI={10.1093/pa/gsi051}, number={3}, journal={Parliamentary Affairs}, author={Russell, A.}, year={2005}, month={Jul}, pages={555–569} }

@book{2013b, edition={Sixth}, title={Citizen Politics: Public Opinion and Political Parties in Advanced Industrial Democracies}, publisher={CQ Press}, author={Russell J. Dalton}, year={2013} }

@article{Sabucedo, Jose M._1991, title={Sociological and Psychological Predictors of Voting in Great Britain.}, volume={131}, url={http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=buh&AN=9706201405&site=ehost-live}, number={5}, journal={Journal of Social Psychology}, author={Sabucedo, Jose M.}, year={1991} }

@book{Saggar, Shamit_1998, address={London}, title={Race and British electoral politics}, publisher={UCL Press}, author={Saggar, Shamit}, year={1998} }

@article{Sanders_2003, title={The Dynamics of Protest in Britain, 2000-2002}, volume={56}, DOI={10.1093/pa/gsg110}, number={4}, journal={Parliamentary Affairs}, author={Sanders, D.}, year={2003}, month={Oct}, pages={687–699} }

@article{Sanders_Clarke_Stewart_Whiteley_2004, title={Public attitudes towards political protest in Britain, 2000-02}, volume={14}, DOI={10.1080/1368988042000258817}, number={1}, journal={Journal of Elections, Public Opinion & Parties}, author={Sanders, David and Clarke, Harold and Stewart, Marianne and Whiteley, Paul}, year={2004}, pages={147–167} }

@article{Sanders_Fisher_Heath_Sobolewska_2014, title={The democratic engagement of Britain’s ethnic minorities}, volume={37}, DOI={10.1080/01419870.2013.827795}, number={1}, journal={Ethnic and Racial Studies}, author={Sanders, David and Fisher, Stephen D. and Heath, Anthony and Sobolewska, Maria}, year={2014}, month={Jan}, pages={120–139} }

@book{Saunders_2018, address={Cambridge}, title={Yes to Europe!}, url={http://le.alma.exlibrisgroup.com/view/action/uresolver.do?operation=resolveService&package_service_id=5664683000002746&institutionId=2746&customerId=2745}, publisher={Cambridge University Press (Virtual Publishing)}, author={Saunders, Robert}, year={2018} }

@article{Scarrow_Gezgor_2010, title={Declining memberships, changing members? European political party members in a new era}, volume={16}, DOI={10.1177/1354068809346078}, number={6}, journal={Party Politics}, author={Scarrow, S. E. and Gezgor, B.}, year={2010}, month={Nov}, pages={823–843} }

@book{Scarrow_2015, address={Oxford, United Kingdom}, edition={First edition}, title={Beyond party members: changing approaches to partisan mobilization}, volume={Comparative politics}, publisher={Oxford University Press}, author={Scarrow, Susan E.}, year={2015} }

@inbook{Scarrow_2017, title={The Changing Nature of Political Party Membership}, volume={1}, url={http://politics.oxfordre.com/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780190228637.001.0001/acrefore-9780190228637-e-226}, DOI={10.1093/acrefore/9780190228637.013.226}, booktitle={OXFORD RESEARCH ENCYCLOPEDIA, POLITICS}, publisher={Oxford University Press}, author={Scarrow, Susan E.}, year={2017}, month={Jan} }

@article{Schuck_de Vreese_2015, title={Public support for referendums in Europe: A cross-national comparison in 21 countries}, volume={38}, DOI={10.1016/j.electstud.2015.02.012}, journal={Electoral Studies}, author={Schuck, Andreas R.T. and de Vreese, Claes H.}, year={2015}, month={Jun}, pages={149–158} }

@article{Seawright_2013, title={‘Yes, the census’: The 2011 UK Referendum campaign on the Alternative Vote}, volume={8}, DOI={10.1057/bp.2013.23}, number={4}, journal={British Politics}, author={Seawright, David}, year={2013}, month={Dec}, pages={457–475} }

@book{Seel, Benjamin_Paterson, Matthew_Doherty, Brian_2000, address={London}, title={Direct action in British environmentalism}, url={http://ezproxy.lib.le.ac.uk/login?url=http://site.ebrary.com/lib/leicester/Doc?id=10054161}, publisher={Routledge}, author={Seel, Benjamin and Paterson, Matthew and Doherty, Brian}, year={2000} }

@article{Seyd_2015, title={Exploring Political Disappointment}, DOI={10.1093/pa/gsv018}, journal={Parliamentary Affairs}, author={Seyd, B.}, year={2015}, month={May} }

@article{Seyd_1998, title={Regulating the referendum}, volume={35}, DOI={10.1080/00344899808523040}, number={4}, journal={Representation}, author={Seyd, Ben}, year={1998}, month={Dec}, pages={191–199} }

@article{Seyd_Whiteley_1995, title={Labour and Conservative Party Members: Change Over Time}, volume={48}, number={3}, journal={Parliamentary Affairs}, author={Seyd, P. and Whiteley, P.}, year={1995}, pages={456–472} }

@book{Seyd, Patrick_Whiteley, Paul_1992, address={Oxford}, title={Labour’s grass roots: the politics of party membership}, publisher={Clarendon Press}, author={Seyd, Patrick and Whiteley, Paul}, year={1992} }

@book{Seyd, Patrick_Whiteley, Paul_2002, address={Basingstoke}, title={New Labour’s grassroots: the transformation of the Labour Party membership}, publisher={Palgrave Macmillan}, author={Seyd, Patrick and Whiteley, Paul}, year={2002} }

@article{Seyd_Whiteley_2004, title={British Party Members: An Overview}, volume={10}, DOI={10.1177/1354068804043903}, number={4}, journal={Party Politics}, author={Seyd, Patrick and Whiteley, Paul}, year={2004}, month={Jul}, pages={355–366} }

@article{Seyd_Whiteley_Pattie_2001, title={Citizenship in Britain: Attitudes and Behaviour}, volume={72}, DOI={10.1111/1467-923X.72.s1.17}, number={s1}, journal={The Political Quarterly}, author={Seyd, Patrick and Whiteley, Paul and Pattie, Charles}, year={2001}, month={Aug}, pages={141–148} }

@inbook{Simpson_Philips_2015, address={London}, title={Disengaged and disconnected? Trends in attitudes towards politics}, volume={32}, url={http://www.bsa.natcen.ac.uk/latest-report/british-social-attitudes-32/politics.aspx}, booktitle={British Social Attitudes 32}, publisher={NatCen}, author={Simpson, Ian and Philips, Miranda}, editor={Curtice, John and Ormston, Rachel}, year={2015} }

@inbook{Simpson_Phillips_2015, title={Disengaged and disconnected? Trends in attitudes towards politics}, url={http://www.bsa.natcen.ac.uk/latest-report/british-social-attitudes-32/politics.aspx}, booktitle={British Social Attitudes 32}, publisher={NatCen}, author={Simpson, Ian and Phillips, Miranda}, editor={Ormston, Rachel and Curtice, John}, year={2015} }

@article{Sloam_2007, title={Rebooting Democracy: Youth Participation in Politics in the UK}, volume={60}, DOI={10.1093/pa/gsm035}, number={4}, journal={Parliamentary Affairs}, author={Sloam, J.}, year={2007}, month={May}, pages={548–567} }

@article{Sloam_2014, title={New Voice, Less Equal: The Civic and Political Engagement of Young People in the United States and Europe}, volume={47}, DOI={10.1177/0010414012453441}, number={5}, journal={Comparative Political Studies}, author={Sloam, J.}, year={2014}, month={Apr}, pages={663–688} }

@article{Sloam_2013, title={The ‘Outraged Young’:}, volume={4}, DOI={10.1111/2041-9066.12003}, number={1}, journal={Political Insight}, author={Sloam, James}, year={2013}, month={Apr}, pages={4–7} }

@article{Sloam_2018, title={#Votebecause: Youth mobilisation for the referendum on British membership of the European Union}, DOI={10.1177/1461444818766701}, journal={New Media & Society}, author={Sloam, James}, year={2018}, month={Apr} }

@article{Sloam_Ehsan_Henn_2018, title={‘Youthquake’: How and Why Young People Reshaped the Political Landscape in 2017}, volume={9}, DOI={10.1177/2041905818764697}, number={1}, journal={Political Insight}, author={Sloam, James and Ehsan, Rakib and Henn, Matt}, year={2018}, month={Mar}, pages={4–8} }

@inbook{ title={Chapter on ‘Political Participation’.}, booktitle={International Encyclopedia of Social and Behavioral Sciences}, publisher={Elsevier Science & Technology ; 2001}, author={Smelser, Wright, Baltes} }

@misc{Sparrow, title={Twitter users: young, metropolitan and angry about civil liberties | Technology | The Guardian}, url={http://www.theguardian.com/technology/2009/nov/18/twitter-users-survey-poll-britain}, journal={The Guardian}, author={Sparrow, A.} }

@misc{Sparrow, title={Analysis: voter apathy | Politics | The Guardian}, url={http://www.theguardian.com/politics/2001/nov/06/socialsciences.polls}, author={Sparrow, Nick} }

@article{Stoker_2013, title={Different Routes to Reforming Politics}, volume={4}, DOI={10.1111/2041-9066.12020}, number={2}, journal={Political Insight}, author={Stoker, Gerry}, year={2013}, month={Sep}, pages={18–21} }

@book{Stoker_2017, edition={Second}, title={Why Politics Matters: Making Democracy Work}, publisher={Palgrave Macmillan}, author={Stoker, Gerry}, year={2017} }

@article{Stoker_Hay_2017, title={Understanding and Challenging Populist Negativity towards Politics: The Perspectives of British Citizens}, volume={65}, DOI={10.1177/0032321715607511}, number={1}, journal={Political Studies}, author={Stoker, Gerry and Hay, Colin}, year={2017}, month={Mar}, pages={4–23} }

@book{Taylor_2018, title={The UK’s Changing Democracy: The 2018 Democratic Audit}, url={https://press.lse.ac.uk/site/books/10.31389/book1/}, DOI={10.31389/book1}, publisher={LSE Press}, author={Taylor, Ros}, editor={Dunleavy, Patrick and Park, Alice}, year={2018}, month={Nov} }

@misc{26AD, address={London}, title={Open Up: The Speaker’s Commission on Digital Democracy}, url={http://www.parliament.uk/business/commons/the-speaker/speakers-commission-on-digital-democracy/ddc-news/digital-democracy-commission-report-publication/}, publisher={House of Commons}, author={The Speaker’s Commission on Digital Democracy}, year={26AD} }

@article{Theocharis_2012, title={Cuts, Tweets, Solidarity and Mobilisation: How the Internet Shaped the Student Occupations}, volume={65}, DOI={10.1093/pa/gsr049}, number={1}, journal={Parliamentary Affairs}, author={Theocharis, Y.}, year={2012}, month={Jan}, pages={162–194} }

@article{Theocharis_2011, title={THE INFLUENCE OF POSTMATERIALIST ORIENTATIONS ON YOUNG BRITISH PEOPLE’S OFFLINE AND ONLINE POLITICAL PARTICIPATION}, volume={47}, DOI={10.1080/00344893.2011.611160}, number={4}, journal={Representation}, author={Theocharis, Yannis}, year={2011}, month={Nov}, pages={435–455} }

@book{Theocharis_Deth_2018, address={New York, New York}, title={Political participation in a changing world: conceptual and empirical challenges in the study of citizen engagement}, url={https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/leicester/detail.action?docID=5023836}, publisher={Routledge}, author={Theocharis, Yannis and Deth, Jan W. van}, year={2018} }

@article{Theocharis_van Deth_2018, title={The continuous expansion of citizen participation: a new taxonomy}, volume={10}, DOI={10.1017/S1755773916000230}, number={01}, journal={European Political Science Review}, author={Theocharis, Yannis and van Deth, Jan W.}, year={2018}, month={Feb}, pages={139–163} }

@article{Thorpe_2009, title={Reconstructing Conservative Party Membership in World War II Britain}, volume={62}, DOI={10.1093/pa/gsn053}, number={2}, journal={Parliamentary Affairs}, author={Thorpe, A.}, year={2009}, month={Jan}, pages={227–241} }

@article{Thorpe_2000, title={THE MEMBERSHIP OF THE COMMUNIST PARTY OF GREAT BRITAIN, 1920–}, volume={43}, number={3}, journal={The Historical Journal}, author={Thorpe, Andrew}, year={2000}, pages={777–800} }

@article{TICKELL_JOHN_MUSSON_2005, title={The North East Region Referendum Campaign of 2004: Issues and Turning Points}, volume={76}, DOI={10.1111/j.1467-923X.2005.00711.x}, number={4}, journal={The Political Quarterly}, author={TICKELL, ADAM and JOHN, PETER and MUSSON, STEVEN}, year={2005}, month={Oct}, pages={488–496} }

@article{Tierney_2015, title={Reclaiming Politics: Popular Democracy in Britain after the Scottish Referendum}, volume={86}, DOI={10.1111/1467-923X.12161}, number={2}, journal={The Political Quarterly}, author={Tierney, Stephen}, year={2015}, month={Apr}, pages={226–233} }

@book{Todd, Malcolm J._Taylor, Gary_2004, address={London}, title={Democracy and participation: popular protest and new social movements}, publisher={Merlin}, author={Todd, Malcolm J. and Taylor, Gary}, year={2004} }

@article{Tonge_2009, title={REVITALISING POLITICS: ENGAGING YOUNG PEOPLE}, volume={45}, DOI={10.1080/00344890903129418}, number={3}, journal={Representation}, author={Tonge, Jon}, year={2009}, month={Sep}, pages={237–246} }

@misc{Travis, title={Low turnout at police commissioner elections blamed on lack of information | UK news | The Guardian}, url={http://www.theguardian.com/uk/2013/mar/19/low-turnout-police-commissioner-elections}, author={Travis, A.} }

@article{Vaccari_2017, title={Online Mobilization in Comparative Perspective: Digital Appeals and Political Engagement in Germany, Italy, and the United Kingdom}, volume={34}, DOI={10.1080/10584609.2016.1201558}, number={1}, journal={Political Communication}, author={Vaccari, Cristian}, year={2017}, month={Jan}, pages={69–88} }

@article{Van Biezen_Mair_Poguntke_2012, title={Going, going, . . . gone? The decline of party membership in contemporary Europe}, volume={51}, DOI={10.1111/j.1475-6765.2011.01995.x}, number={1}, journal={European Journal of Political Research}, author={Van Biezen, Ingrid and Mair, Peter and Poguntke, Thomas}, year={2012}, month={Jan}, pages={24–56} }

@book{Vromen_2017, address={London, England}, title={Digital citizenship and political engagement: the challenge from online campaigning and advocacy organisations}, url={https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/leicester/detail.action?docID=4748997}, publisher={Palgrave Macmillan}, author={Vromen, Ariadne}, year={2017} }

@article{Wagner_2016, title={Why do Party Members Leave?}, DOI={10.1093/pa/gsw024}, journal={Parliamentary Affairs}, author={Wagner, Markus}, year={2016}, month={Aug} }

@article{Ward_2003, title={Online Participation and Mobilisation in Britain: Hype, Hope and Reality}, volume={56}, DOI={10.1093/pa/gsg108}, number={4}, journal={Parliamentary Affairs}, author={Ward, S.}, year={2003}, month={Oct}, pages={652–668} }

@article{Webb_2009, title={THE FAILINGS OF POLITICAL PARTIES: REALITY OR PERCEPTION?}, volume={45}, DOI={10.1080/00344890903129517}, number={3}, journal={Representation}, author={Webb, Paul}, year={2009}, month={Sep}, pages={265–275} }

@article{Webb_2013, title={Who is willing to participate? Dissatisfied democrats, stealth democrats and populists in the United Kingdom}, volume={52}, DOI={10.1111/1475-6765.12021}, number={6}, journal={European Journal of Political Research}, author={Webb, Paul}, year={2013}, pages={747–772} }

@book{Webb, Paul_Farrell, David M._Holliday, Ian_2002, address={Oxford}, title={Political parties in advanced industrial democracies}, volume={Comparative politics}, publisher={Oxford University Press}, author={Webb, Paul and Farrell, David M. and Holliday, Ian}, year={2002} }

@article{Webb_Poletti_Bale_2017, title={So who really does the donkey work in ‘multi-speed membership parties’? Comparing the election campaign activity of party members and party supporters}, volume={46}, DOI={10.1016/j.electstud.2017.02.002}, journal={Electoral Studies}, author={Webb, Paul and Poletti, Monica and Bale, Tim}, year={2017}, month={Apr}, pages={64–74} }

@article{Webb_1995, title={Are British Political Parties in Decline?}, volume={1}, number={3}, journal={Party Politics}, author={Webb, Paul D.}, year={1995}, pages={299–322} }

@misc{Wheeler, title={BBC News - Can UK political parties be saved from extinction?}, url={http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-12934148}, author={Wheeler, B.} }

@misc{Wheeler_Davies, title={BBC News - ‘Swivel-eyed loons’ or voice of the people?}, url={http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-22607108}, author={Wheeler, B. and Davies, C.} }

@article{Whiteley_2009a, title={Where Have All the Members Gone? The Dynamics of Party Membership in Britain}, volume={62}, DOI={10.1093/pa/gsn054}, number={2}, journal={Parliamentary Affairs}, author={Whiteley, P.}, year={2009}, month={Jan}, pages={242–257} }

@article{Whiteley_Clarke_Sanders_Stewart_2012, title={Britain Says NO: Voting in the AV Ballot Referendum}, volume={65}, DOI={10.1093/pa/gsr043}, number={2}, journal={Parliamentary Affairs}, author={Whiteley, P. and Clarke, H. D. and Sanders, D. and Stewart, M. C.}, year={2012}, month={Apr}, pages={301–322} }

@article{Whiteley_2009b, title={GOVERNMENT EFFECTIVENESS AND POLITICAL PARTICIPATION IN BRITAIN}, volume={45}, DOI={10.1080/00344890903129459}, number={3}, journal={Representation}, author={Whiteley, Paul}, year={2009}, month={Sep}, pages={247–257} }

@book{Whiteley, Paul_2011a, address={Basingstoke}, title={Political participation in Britain: the decline and revival of civic culture}, volume={Contemporary political studies}, url={https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/leicester/detail.action?docID=4763680}, publisher={Palgrave Macmillan}, author={Whiteley, Paul}, year={2011} }

@book{Whiteley, Paul_2011b, address={Basingstoke}, title={Political participation in Britain: the decline and revival of civic culture}, volume={Contemporary political studies}, url={https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/leicester/detail.action?docID=4763680}, publisher={Palgrave Macmillan}, author={Whiteley, Paul}, year={2011} }

@book{Whiteley, Paul_2011c, address={Basingstoke}, title={Political participation in Britain: the decline and revival of civic culture}, volume={Contemporary political studies}, url={https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/leicester/detail.action?docID=4763680}, publisher={Palgrave Macmillan}, author={Whiteley, Paul}, year={2011} }

@book{Whiteley, Paul_2011d, address={Basingstoke}, title={Political participation in Britain: the decline and revival of civic culture}, volume={Contemporary political studies}, url={https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/leicester/detail.action?docID=4763680}, publisher={Palgrave Macmillan}, author={Whiteley, Paul}, year={2011} }

@article{Whiteley_2011, title={Is the party over? The decline of party activism and membership across the democratic world}, volume={17}, number={1}, journal={Party Politics}, author={Whiteley, Paul}, year={2011}, pages={21–44} }

@book{Whiteley, Paul_2011e, address={Basingstoke}, title={Political participation in Britain: the decline and revival of civic culture}, volume={Contemporary political studies}, url={https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/leicester/detail.action?docID=4763680}, publisher={Palgrave Macmillan}, author={Whiteley, Paul}, year={2011} }

@book{Whiteley, Paul_Seyd, Patrick_2002a, address={Ann Arbor, Mich}, title={High-intensity participation: the dynamics of party activism in Britain}, url={https://blackboard.le.ac.uk/bbcswebdav/pid-824505-dt-content-rid-2072831_5/library/eReserves/PL3127/PL3127_27691.pdf}, publisher={The University of Michigan Press}, author={Whiteley, Paul and Seyd, Patrick}, year={2002} }

@book{Whiteley, Paul_Seyd, Patrick_2002b, address={Ann Arbor, Mich}, title={High-intensity participation: the dynamics of party activism in Britain}, publisher={The University of Michigan Press}, author={Whiteley, Paul and Seyd, Patrick}, year={2002} }

@book{Whiteley, Paul_Seyd, Patrick_Billinghurst, Antony_2006, address={Oxford}, title={Third force politics: Liberal Democrats at the grassroots}, publisher={Oxford University Press}, author={Whiteley, Paul and Seyd, Patrick and Billinghurst, Antony}, year={2006} }

@book{Whiteley, Paul_Seyd, Patrick_Richardson, J. J._1994, address={Oxford}, title={True blues: the politics of Conservative Party membership}, publisher={Clarendon Press}, author={Whiteley, Paul and Seyd, Patrick and Richardson, J. J.}, year={1994} }

@article{Whiteley_1995, title={Rational Choice and Political Participation — Evaluating the Debate}, volume={48}, DOI={10.1177/106591299504800112}, number={1}, journal={Political Research Quarterly}, author={Whiteley, Paul F.}, year={1995}, month={Mar}, pages={211–233} }

@inbook{Whiteley_1999, address={London}, title={The origins of social capital}, url={http://ezproxy.lib.le.ac.uk/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=nlebk&AN=237512}, booktitle={Social Capital and European Democracy}, publisher={Routledge}, author={Whiteley, Paul F.}, editor={van Deth, Jan W. and Maraffi, Marco and Newton, Ken and Whiteley, Paul F.}, year={1999}, pages={25–44} }

@article{William A. Maloney, Grant Jordan and Andrew M. McLaughlin_1994, title={Interest Groups and Public Policy: The Insider/Outsider Model Revisited}, volume={14}, url={http://www.jstor.org/stable/4007561}, number={1}, journal={Journal of Public Policy}, publisher={Cambridge University Press}, author={William A. Maloney, Grant Jordan and Andrew M. McLaughlin}, year={1994}, pages={17–38} }

@article{Williamson_2009, title={REVITALISING POLITICS FROM THE GROUND UP: THE ROLE OF DIGITAL MEDIA IN PROMOTING CITIZEN‐LED DEMOCRATIC RENEWAL}, volume={45}, DOI={10.1080/00344890903129707}, number={3}, journal={Representation}, author={Williamson, Andy}, year={2009}, month={Sep}, pages={301–311} }

@article{Williamson_2015, title={The Digital Campaign: Are We There Yet?}, volume={6}, DOI={10.1111/2041-9066.12112}, number={3}, journal={Political Insight}, author={Williamson, Andy}, year={2015}, month={Dec}, pages={28–31} }

@article{Wright_2016, title={‘Success’ and online political participation: The case of Downing Street E-petitions}, volume={19}, DOI={10.1080/1369118X.2015.1080285}, number={6}, journal={Information, Communication & Society}, author={Wright, Scott}, year={2016}, month={Jun}, pages={843–857} }

@book{Wring, Dominic_2007, address={Basingstoke}, title={Political communications: the general election campaign of 2005}, publisher={Palgrave Macmillan}, author={Wring, Dominic}, year={2007} }

@article{Wring_Henn_Weinstein_1999, title={Young people and contemporary politics: Committed scepticism or engaged cynicism?}, volume={9}, DOI={10.1080/13689889908413029}, number={1}, journal={Journal of Elections, Public Opinion & Parties}, author={Wring, Dominic and Henn, Matt and Weinstein, Mark}, year={1999}, pages={200–216} }

@book{Wring, Dominic_Mortimore, Roger_Atkinson, Simon_2011, address={Basingstoke}, title={Political communication in Britain: the leader debates, the campaign and the media in the 2010 general election}, publisher={Palgrave Macmillan}, author={Wring, Dominic and Mortimore, Roger and Atkinson, Simon}, year={2011} }

@book{van Deth_1997, address={London}, title={Private Groups and Public Life: Social Participation and Political Involvement in Representative Democracies}, url={http://le.alma.exlibrisgroup.com/view/action/uresolver.do?operation=resolveService&package_service_id=5663968860002746&institutionId=2746&customerId=2745}, publisher={Routledge}, year={1997} }

@misc{House of Lords - Referendums in the United Kingdom - Constitution Committee_2010, url={http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/ld200910/ldselect/ldconst/99/9902.htm}, year={2010} }

@misc{Gibson_Cantijoch_Ward_2010, address={London}, title={The internet and the 2010 election; putting the small ‘p’ back in politics?}, url={http://www.hansardsociety.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2012/10/The-internet-and-the-2010-election-2010.pdf}, publisher={The Hansard Society}, year={2010} }

@book{Kyriakos_2013, title={Democracy in Transition: Political Participation in the European Union}, url={http://ezproxy.lib.le.ac.uk/login?url=http://lib.myilibrary.com?id=425838}, publisher={Springer}, year={2013} }

@book{Dalton_Welzel_2014, address={New York, NY}, title={The civic culture transformed: from allegiant to assertive citizens}, publisher={Cambridge University Press}, year={2014} }

@book{LeDuc_Niemi_Norris_2014, address={Los Angeles}, edition={Fourth edition.}, title={Comparing democracies 4: elections and voting in a changing world}, publisher={SAGE}, year={2014} }

@book{Qvortrup_2014, address={Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire}, title={Referendums around the world: the continued growth of direct democracy}, url={http://ezproxy.lib.le.ac.uk/login?url=http://leicester.eblib.com/patron/FullRecord.aspx?p=1809324}, publisher={Palgrave Macmillan}, year={2014} }

@book{Richards_Smith_Hay_2014, address={Basingstoke}, title={Institutional crisis in 21st-century Britain}, volume={Understanding governance series}, url={https://link.springer.com/book/10.1057%2F9781137334398}, publisher={Palgrave Macmillan}, year={2014} }

@book{Nielsen_2014, address={Edinburgh}, title={Muslim Political Participation in Europe}, url={http://ezproxy.lib.le.ac.uk/login?url=http://lib.myilibrary.com?id=479626}, publisher={Edinburgh University Press}, year={2014} }

@article{Scandals, war and the Millennials: Why the Iraq War and the expenses scandal are not to blame for the low turnout of the young_2015, url={http://www.palgrave-journals.com/bp/journal/vaop/ncurrent/abs/bp201511a.html}, DOI={doi:10.1057/bp.2015.11}, journal={British Politics}, year={2015} }

@book{van Haute_Gauja_2015, address={Abingdon}, title={Party Members and Activists}, publisher={Routledge}, year={2015} }

@book{Heffernan_Hay_Russell_Cowley_2016, address={Basingstoke}, title={Developments in British Politics 10}, publisher={Palgrave Macmillan}, year={2016} }

@book{Peele_Francis_2016, address={Manchester}, title={David Cameron and conservative renewal: the limits of modernisation?}, volume={New perspectives on the right}, url={http://le.alma.exlibrisgroup.com/view/action/uresolver.do?operation=resolveService&package_service_id=5664736860002746&institutionId=2746&customerId=2745}, publisher={Manchester University Press}, year={2016} }

@book{Cowley_Ford_2016, address={London}, title={More sex, lies & the ballot box: another 50 things you need to know about British elections}, publisher={Biteback Publishing}, year={2016} }

@book{Scarrow_Webb_Poguntke_2017, address={New York, New York}, title={Organizing political parties: representation, participation, and power}, url={https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/leicester/detail.action?docID=4877960}, publisher={Oxford University Press}, year={2017} }

@book{Morel_Qvortrup_2018, address={London, [England]}, title={The Routledge handbook to referendums and direct democracy}, url={https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/leicester/detail.action?docID=5185375}, publisher={Routledge}, year={2018} }

@book{Qvortrup_2018b, address={Basingstoke}, title={Referendums Around the World}, url={https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/leicester/detail.action?docID=1809324}, publisher={Palgrave Macmillan}, year={2018} }

@misc{Audit of Political Engagement, url={https://www.hansardsociety.org.uk/research/audit-of-political-engagement} }

@misc{HM Government e-petitions, url={http://epetitions.direct.gov.uk/} }

@misc{Democratic Audit UK, url={http://www.democraticaudit.com/} }

@misc{Electoral Commission | Home, url={http://www.electoralcommission.org.uk/} }

@misc{Voter Turnout Database | International IDEA, url={http://www.idea.int/data-tools/data/voter-turnout} }

@misc{Direct Democracy Database | International IDEA, url={http://www.idea.int/data-tools/data/direct-democracy} }

@misc{Power to the People: an independent inquiry into Britain’s democracy - the full report | Joseph Rowntree Reform Trust, url={http://www.jrrt.org.uk/publications/power-people-independent-inquiry-britains-democracy-full-report} }

@misc{Research briefings - UK Parliament, url={http://www.parliament.uk/briefing-papers/} }

@misc{Protest | World news | The Guardian, url={http://www.theguardian.com/world/protest} }

@misc{Major UK demonstrations and protests listed: which one was biggest? | News | theguardian.com, url={http://www.theguardian.com/news/datablog/2011/mar/28/demonstrations-protests-uk-list} }

@misc{Speaker’s Commission on Digital Democracy, url={http://www.parliament.uk/business/commons/the-speaker/speakers-commission-on-digital-democracy/} }

@misc{Voter engagement in the UK - UK Parliament, url={http://www.parliament.uk/voter-engagement-in-the-uk} }

@misc{Citizenship and Civic Engagement Committee - UK Parliament, url={http://www.parliament.uk/business/committees/committees-a-z/lords-select/citizenship-civic-engagement/} }

@misc{Joseph Rowntree Reform Trust - State of the Nation surveys, url={http://www.jrrt.org.uk/publications} }

@misc{Voter turnout at UK general elections 1945 – 2017 | UK Political Info, url={http://www.ukpolitical.info/Turnout45.htm} }

@misc{YouGov | How Britain voted at the 2017 general election, url={https://yougov.co.uk/news/2017/06/13/how-britain-voted-2017-general-election/} }

@misc{The myth of the 2017 ‘youthquake’ election - BBC News, url={https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-42747342} }

@misc{The myth of the 2017 youthquake election - The British Election Study, url={http://www.britishelectionstudy.com/bes-impact/the-myth-of-the-2017-youthquake-election/#.W1mieNJKg2w} }

@misc{Electoral Commission | EU referendum result visualisations, url={https://www.electoralcommission.org.uk/find-information-by-subject/elections-and-referendums/past-elections-and-referendums/eu-referendum/eu-referendum-result-visualisations} }

@misc{AV referendum | Politics | The Guardian, url={http://www.theguardian.com/politics/av-referendum} }

@misc{Electoral Commission | 2011 UK referendum on the voting system used to elect MPs - results, url={http://www.electoralcommission.org.uk/find-information-by-subject/elections-and-referendums/past-elections-and-referendums/referendums/2011-UK-referendum-on-the-voting-system-used-to-elect-MPs} }

@misc{New paper by Professor Matt Qvortrup: ‘A Tale of Two Referendums’ | The Constitution Society: Working to promote informed debate about constitutional reform, url={http://www.consoc.org.uk/2015/09/new-paper-by-professor-matt-qvortrup-a-tale-of-two-referendums/} }

@misc{Young remain voters came out in force, but were outgunned | Politics | The Guardian, url={http://www.theguardian.com/politics/2016/jun/24/young-remain-voters-came-out-in-force-but-were-outgunned} }

@misc{EU Referendum: Were young people less likely to vote? - BBC News, url={http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-36737374} }

@article{Referendums, though they may be political lifeboats, can be very bad for democracy, url={http://eprints.lse.ac.uk/88621/} }

@misc{C2D - Centre for Research on Direct Democracy, url={http://c2d.ch/} }

@misc{Revealed: how Jeremy Corbyn has reshaped the Labour party | Politics | The Guardian, url={http://www.theguardian.com/politics/2016/jan/13/revealed-how-jeremy-corbyn-has-reshaped-the-labour-party} }

@misc{BBC News - Conservative membership has nearly halved under Cameron, url={http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-24143443} }

@article{The numbers that add up to trouble for all political parties | Andrew Rawnsley | Comment is free | The Observer, url={http://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2013/jul/13/political-party-membership-coalition-labour?INTCMP=SRCH} }

@article{Why do people join losing political parties? - BBC News, url={http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-32739591} }

@article{Card-carried away: what does it mean to be a member of a political party in Britain today?, url={http://www.newstatesman.com/politics/2015/06/card-carried-away-what-does-it-mean-be-member-political-party-britain-today} }

@misc{Papers and Publications | ESRC Party Members Project (PMP), url={https://esrcpartymembersproject.org/papers-publications/} }

@misc{Database by country | MAPP project, url={http://www.projectmapp.eu/database-country/} }

@misc{YouGov | Profiled for the first time: the UKIP party membership, url={https://yougov.co.uk/news/2016/10/22/introduction-ukip-party-membership/} }

@article{What Drives Political Participation? Motivations and Mobilization in a Digital Age, url={http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/10584609.2016.1225235} }

@misc{The myth of the keyboard warrior: public participation and 38 Degrees | openDemocracy, url={https://www.opendemocracy.net/participation-now/james-dennis/myth-of-keyboard-warrior-public-participation-and-38-degrees} }

@misc{After the party - what can political parties learn from 38 Degrees | openDemocracy, url={https://www.opendemocracy.net/ourkingdom/james-dennis/after-party-what-can-political-parties-learn-from-38-degrees} }

@misc{United by what divides us: 38 Degrees and the EU Referendum, url={https://static1.squarespace.com/static/543e4a04e4b0a4f2ae6c0923/t/59edcf25ace8645c75976adf/1508757286543/2016_Dennis_United_By_What_Divides_US_EU_Referendum_Analysis.pdf} }

@misc{Will 2015 be the UK’s first social media election? - BBC News, url={http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-31327154} }

@misc{Welcome to the social media election that never was | Media Network | The Guardian, url={http://www.theguardian.com/media-network/2015/apr/27/social-media-general-election-political-parties} }

@article{Parties hope their digital push will click with Britain’s voters, url={http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/760593c4-e696-11e4-9fa1-00144feab7de.html#axzz3rx1tUACz}, journal={Financial Times} }

@misc{UK Election 2015 | Elections and the Internet, url={http://elections.oii.ox.ac.uk/uk-election-2015/} }

@misc{Election Analysis | UK Election Analysis 2015: Media, Voters and the Campaign, url={http://www.electionanalysis.uk/} }

@misc{Don’t knock clickivism: it represents the political participation aspirations of the modern citizen | The Policy and Internet Blog, url={http://blogs.oii.ox.ac.uk/policy/dont-knock-clickivism-it-represents-the-political-participation-aspirations-of-the-modern-citizen/} }

@misc{Youthquake 2017: how the rise of young cosmopolitans in Britain could transform politics : Democratic Audit, url={http://www.democraticaudit.com/2018/10/29/youthquake-2017-how-the-rise-of-young-cosmopolitans-in-britain-could-transform-politics/} }

@misc{How Momentum got Britain’s youth interested in politics | British Politics and Policy at LSE, url={http://blogs.lse.ac.uk/politicsandpolicy/how-momentum-got-young-people-interested-in-formal-politics/} }

@misc{Why are political blogs dominated by men?, url={http://www.hansardsociety.org.uk/why-are-political-blogs-dominated-by-men/}, journal={Hansard Society} }

@misc{Anti-politics and the left | Lawrence & Wishart, url={https://www.lwbooks.co.uk/renewal/24-2/anti-politics-and-the-left} }

@article{The rise of anti-politics in Britain, url={https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/394835/} }

@article{British politics in the Age of Uncertainty: the link between old, new, and anti-politics, url={http://eprints.lse.ac.uk/71927/} }

@misc{How should politicians reconnect with voters? - BBC News, url={http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/election-2017-40000449} }