Abramowitz, Alan I., Almond, Gabriel A, and Verba, Sidney, The Civic Culture Revisited: An Analytic Study, vol The Little, Brown series in comparative politics (Little, Brown 1980) <https://blackboard.le.ac.uk/bbcswebdav/pid-824527-dt-content-rid-2072838_5/library/eReserves/PL3127/PL3127_27698.pdf>
‘After the Party - What Can Political Parties Learn from 38 Degrees | openDemocracy’ <https://www.opendemocracy.net/ourkingdom/james-dennis/after-party-what-can-political-parties-learn-from-38-degrees>
Almond, Gabriel A and Verba, Sidney, The Civic Culture: Political Attitudes and Democracy in Five Nations ([New ed], Sage 1989) <https://eu.alma.exlibrisgroup.com/view/action/uresolver.do?operation=resolveService&package_service_id=7924834800002746&institutionId=2746&customerId=2745>
Amnå E, Handbook of Digital Politics (Stephen Coleman and Deen Freelon eds, Edward Elgar Publishing 2015) <https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/leicester/detail.action?docID=3563697>
Anheier HK and Toepler S, International Encyclopedia of Civil Society (Springer-Verlag New York 2010) <http://ezproxy.lib.le.ac.uk/login?url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-93996-4>
‘Anti-Politics and the Left | Lawrence & Wishart’ <https://www.lwbooks.co.uk/renewal/24-2/anti-politics-and-the-left>
Anwar M, ‘The Participation of Ethnic Minorities in British Politics’ (2001) 27 Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies 533
‘Audit of Political Engagement’ <https://www.hansardsociety.org.uk/research/audit-of-political-engagement>
‘AV Referendum | Politics | The Guardian’ <http://www.theguardian.com/politics/av-referendum>
Baldini G, ‘Is Britain Facing a Crisis of Democracy?’ (2015) 86 The Political Quarterly 540
——, ‘Democracy, Golden Ages and Balancing Acts—Comment on Flinders, M. (2015) The Problem with Democracy’ (2016) 69 Parliamentary Affairs 451
Bale T, ‘The Dwindling Tory Party: Is Anybody out There? - Telegraph’ <http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/politics/conservative/10323333/The-dwindling-Tory-party-is-anybody-out-there.html>
Barnes, Samuel H. and Kaase, Max, Political Action: Mass Participation in Five Western Democracies (Sage Publications 1979)
Bartle, John and Griffiths, Dylan, Political Communications Transformed: From Morrison to Mandelson (Palgrave 2001) <http://ezproxy.lib.le.ac.uk/login?url=http://site.ebrary.com/lib/leicester/Doc?id=10045519>
Baston, Lewis, Don’t Take No for an Answer: The 2011 Referendum and the Future of Electoral Reform (Biteback 2011)
‘BBC News - Conservative Membership Has Nearly Halved under Cameron’ <http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-24143443>
Benewick, Robert and Smith, Trevor, Direct Action and Democratic Politics, vol Acton Society studies, 1 (Allen and Unwin 1972)
Bennie L and Russell A, Radical or Compliant? Young Party Members in Britain (2012) <https://www.escholar.manchester.ac.uk/api/datastream?publicationPid=uk-ac-man-scw:177225&datastreamId=SUPPLEMENTARY-1.PDF>
Biezen I v. and Poguntke T, ‘The Decline of Membership-Based Politics’ (2014) 20 Party Politics 205
Birch S, Gottfried G and Lodge G, ‘Divided Democracy. Political Inequality in the UK and Why It Matters’ <http://www.ippr.org/assets/media/images/media/files/publication/2013/11/divided-democracy_Nov2013_11420.pdf>
Bogdanor, Vernon, The New British Constitution (Hart 2009) <https://eu.alma.exlibrisgroup.com/view/action/uresolver.do?operation=resolveService&package_service_id=8319189050002746&institutionId=2746&customerId=2745>
Bowler S and Donovan T, ‘Civic Duty and Turnout in the UK Referendum on AV: What Shapes the Duty to Vote?’ (2013) 32 Electoral Studies 265
Briggs J, Young People and Political Participation: Teen Players (Palgrave Macmillan 2017) <https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/leicester/detail.action?docID=4737102>
‘British Politics in the Age of Uncertainty: The Link between Old, New, and Anti-Politics’ <http://eprints.lse.ac.uk/71927/>
Budge I, ‘DIRECT AND REPRESENTATIVE DEMOCRACY: ARE THEY NECESSARILY OPPOSED?’ (2006) 42 Representation 1
Budge, Ian, The New Challenge of Direct Democracy (Polity Press 1996)
Butler, David and Kitzinger, Uwe, The 1975 Referendum (Macmillan 1976)
Butler, David and Ranney, Austin, Referendums around the World: The Growing Use of Direct Democracy (Macmillan 1994)
Butt S and Fitzgerald R, ‘Critical Consensus? Britain’s Expectations and Evaluations of Democracy’ in Alison Park, Caroline Bryson and John Curtice (eds), British Social Attitudes 31 (NatCen 2014) <http://www.bsa.natcen.ac.uk/latest-report/british-social-attitudes-31/democracy/introduction.aspx>
Butt S and Fitzgerald R, ‘Democracy’ in Alison Park, John Curtice and Caroline Bryson (eds), British Social Attitudes 31, vol 31 (NatCen 2014) <http://www.bsa.natcen.ac.uk/latest-report/british-social-attitudes-31/democracy/introduction.aspx>
Bynner J and Ashford S, ‘Politics and Participation: Some Antecedents of Young People’s Attitudes to the Political System and Political Activity’ (1994) 24 European Journal of Social Psychology 223
Byrne, Paul, Social Movements in Britain, vol Theory and practice in British politics (Routledge 1997)
‘C2D - Centre for Research on Direct Democracy’ <http://c2d.ch/>
Campbell R, ‘Leaders, Footsoldiers and Befrienders: The Gendered Nature of Social Capital and Political Participation in Britain’ (2013) 8 British Politics 28
Cantijoch M, Cutts D and Gibson R, ‘Moving Slowly up the Ladder of Political Engagement: A “Spill-over” Model of Internet Participation’ (2016) 18 The British Journal of Politics and International Relations 26
Cantijoch, Marta, ‘Internet Use and Political Engagement: The Role of E-Campaigning as a Pathway to Online Political Participation’ <http://escholarship.org/uc/item/538243k2>
‘Card-Carried Away: What Does It Mean to Be a Member of a Political Party in Britain Today?’ <http://www.newstatesman.com/politics/2015/06/card-carried-away-what-does-it-mean-be-member-political-party-britain-today>
Casey, Terrence, The Blair Legacy: Politics, Policy, Governance, and Foreign Affairs (Palgrave Macmillan 2009) <http://ezproxy.lib.le.ac.uk/login?url=http://www.palgraveconnect.com/doifinder/10.1057/9780230232846>
Cecilia Emma Sottilotta, ‘The Strategic Use of Government-Sponsored Referendums in Contemporary Europe: Issues and Implications’ (2017) 13 Journal of Contemporary European Research <https://www.jcer.net/index.php/jcer/article/view/836>
Chadwick A and Dennis J, ‘Social Media, Professional Media and Mobilisation in Contemporary Britain: Explaining the Strengths and Weaknesses of the Citizens’ Movement 38 Degrees’ (2017) 65 Political Studies 42
——, ‘Social Media, Professional Media and Mobilisation in Contemporary Britain: Explaining the Strengths and Weaknesses of the Citizens’ Movement 38 Degrees’ (2017) 65 Political Studies 42
Chadwick A and Stromer-Galley J, ‘Digital Media, Power, and Democracy in Parties and Election Campaigns’ (2016) 21 The International Journal of Press/Politics 283
Chadwick, Andrew, Internet Politics: States, Citizens, and New Communication Technologies (Oxford University Press 2006)
Chadwick, Andrew and Howard, Philip N., Routledge Handbook of Internet Politics (Routledge 2008) <http://le.alma.exlibrisgroup.com/view/action/uresolver.do?operation=resolveService&package_service_id=5663607980002746&institutionId=2746&customerId=2745>
CHILDS S, ‘A British Gender Gap? Gender and Political Participation’ (2004) 75 The Political Quarterly 422
‘Citizenship and Civic Engagement Committee - UK Parliament’ <http://www.parliament.uk/business/committees/committees-a-z/lords-select/citizenship-civic-engagement/>
Clark A, Political Parties in the UK (2nd ed. 2018, Palgrave Macmillan 2018)
Clarke, Harold D., Performance Politics and the British Voter (Cambridge University Press 2009) <http://site.ebrary.com/lib/leicester/Doc?id=10329741>
Clarke HD and others, Austerity and Political Choice in Britain, vol Palgrave Pivot (Palgrave Macmillan 2016) <http://ezproxy.lib.le.ac.uk/login?url=http://lib.myilibrary.com?id=879659>
Clarke N and others, ‘Changing Spaces of Political Encounter and the Rise of Anti-Politics: Evidence from Mass Observation’s General Election Diaries’ (2017) 56 Political Geography 13
——, The Good Politician Folk Theories, Political Interaction, and the Rise of Anti-Politics (Cambridge University Press 2018)
——, The Good Politician Folk Theories, Political Interaction, and the Rise of Anti-Politics (Cambridge University Press 2018)
Coleman S and Ward S, ‘Spinning the Web: Online Campaigning in the 2005 General Election’ <http://www.hansardsociety.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2012/10/Spinning-the-Web-2005.pdf>
Cotton R and Fontana C, ‘Political Parties at Critical Junctures: Explaining the Decisions to Offer Referendums on Constitutional Change in the United Kingdom’ [2018] Contemporary British History 1
Cowley P and Ford RA (eds), More Sex, Lies & the Ballot Box: Another 50 Things You Need to Know about British Elections (Biteback Publishing 2016)
Cowley P and Kavanagh D, The British General Election of 2017 (Palgrave Macmillan 2018)
Coxall, W. N., Pressure Groups in British Politics (Longman 2001)
Curtice J, ‘Turnout: Electors Stay Home--Again’ (2005) 58 Parliamentary Affairs 776
Curtice J, ‘The Death of a Miserable Little Compromise: The Alternative Vote Referendum’ (2011) 2 Political Insight 14
——, ‘Politicians, Voters and Democracy: The 2011 UK Referendum on the Alternative Vote’ (2013) 32 Electoral Studies 215
——, ‘Politics’ in John Curtice, Miranda Phillips and Elizabeth Clery (eds), British Social Attitudes 33. (NatCen 2016) <http://www.bsa.natcen.ac.uk/latest-report/british-social-attitudes-33/politics.aspx>
——, ‘Brexit’ in Elizabeth Clery, John Curtice and Roger Harding (eds), British Social Attitudes 34, vol 34 (NatCen 2017) <http://www.bsa.natcen.ac.uk/latest-report/british-social-attitudes-34/brexit.aspx>
Curtice J, ‘The Electoral Reform Society Blog’ <http://www.electoral-reform.org.uk/blog/the-av-referendum-what-went-wrong>
Curtice J and Seyd B, ‘Constitutional Reform: A Recipe for Restoring Faith in Our Democracy?’ in Alison Park and others (eds), British Social Attitudes 29 (NatCen 2012) <http://www.bsa.natcen.ac.uk/latest-report/british-social-attitudes-29/constitutional-reform/introduction.aspx>
Curtice J and Simpson I, ‘Voting’ in Daniel Phillips and others (eds), British Social Attitudes 35 (NatCen 2018) <http://bsa.natcen.ac.uk/latest-report/british-social-attitudes-35/voting.aspx>
Dalton RJ, The Participation Gap: Social Status and Political Inequality (Oxford University Press 2017) <https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/leicester/detail.action?docID=5090818>
——, The Participation Gap: Social Status and Political Inequality (Oxford University Press 2017) <https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/leicester/detail.action?docID=5090818>
Dalton RJ and Klingemann H-D, The Oxford Handbook of Political Behavior (Oxford University Press 2009) <https://eu.alma.exlibrisgroup.com/view/action/uresolver.do?operation=resolveService&package_service_id=8090668850002746&institutionId=2746&customerId=2745>
——, The Oxford Handbook of Political Behavior (Oxford University Press 2009) <https://eu.alma.exlibrisgroup.com/view/action/uresolver.do?operation=resolveService&package_service_id=8090668850002746&institutionId=2746&customerId=2745>
——, The Oxford Handbook of Political Behavior (Oxford University Press 2009) <https://eu.alma.exlibrisgroup.com/view/action/uresolver.do?operation=resolveService&package_service_id=8090668850002746&institutionId=2746&customerId=2745>
——, The Oxford Handbook of Political Behavior (Oxford University Press 2009) <https://eu.alma.exlibrisgroup.com/view/action/uresolver.do?operation=resolveService&package_service_id=8090668850002746&institutionId=2746&customerId=2745>
Dalton RJ and Welzel C (eds), The Civic Culture Transformed: From Allegiant to Assertive Citizens (Cambridge University Press 2014)
Dalton, Russell J. and Wattenberg, Martin P., Parties without Partisans: Political Change in Advanced Industrial Democracies, vol Comparative politics (Oxford University Press 2000) <http://ezproxy.lib.le.ac.uk/login?url=http://site.ebrary.com/lib/leicester/Doc?id=10273305>
‘Database by Country | MAPP Project’ <http://www.projectmapp.eu/database-country/>
de Moor J, ‘Lifestyle Politics and the Concept of Political Participation’ [2016] Acta Politica
DeBardeleben, Joan and Pammett, Jon H., Activating the Citizen: Dilemmas of Participation in Europe and Canada (Palgrave Macmillan 2009) <http://ezproxy.lib.le.ac.uk/login?url=http://www.palgraveconnect.com/doifinder/10.1057/9780230240902>
Della Porta D and Diani M, Social Movements: An Introduction (2nd Revised edition, John Wiley and Sons Ltd 2006) <http://ezproxy.lib.le.ac.uk/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=nlebk&AN=141284>
‘Democratic Audit UK’ <http://www.democraticaudit.com/>
Dennis J, Beyond Slacktivism (1st ed. 2019, Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2018) <https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/leicester/detail.action?docID=5568402>
Denver D, ‘The Results: How Britain Voted’ (2015) 68 Parliamentary Affairs 5
——, ‘The Results: How Britain Voted1’ (2018) 71 Parliamentary Affairs 8
Denver D and Garnett M, British General Elections Since 1964: Diversity, Dealignment, and Disillusion (Oxford University Press, USA 2014) <https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/leicester/detail.action?docID=1635569>
Denver, D. T., Carman, Christopher, and Johns, Robert, Elections and Voters in Britain, vol Contemporary political studies (3rd ed, Palgrave Macmillan 2012)
Deth, Jan W. van and Maloney, William A., New Participatory Dimensions in Civil Society: Professionalization and Individualized Collective Action, vol Routledge/ECPR studies in European political science (Routledge 2012) <http://site.ebrary.com/lib/leicester/Doc?id=10545502>
Deth JV, Private Groups and Public Life: Social Participation, vol European political science series (Taylor & Francis 1997) <http://lib.myilibrary.com?id=5575>
Deth JW van, Montero JR and Westholm A, Citizenship and Involvement in European Democracies: A Comparative Analysis, vol Routledge research in comparative politics (Routledge 2006)
di Gennaro C, ‘The Internet and the Public: Online and Offline Political Participation in the United Kingdom’ (2006) 59 Parliamentary Affairs 299
‘Direct Democracy Database | International IDEA’ <http://www.idea.int/data-tools/data/direct-democracy>
Doherty B, ‘Paving the Way: The Rise of Direct Action against Road-Building and the Changing Character of British Environmentalism’ (1999) 47 Political Studies 275
Doherty B, ‘“The Preferred Way of Doing Things”: The British Direct Action Movement’ (2003) 56 Parliamentary Affairs 669
Doherty B and others, ‘Explaining the Fuel Protests’ (2003) 5 The British Journal of Politics and International Relations 1
Dominic Wring, ‘Exit Velocity: The Media Election’ (2015) 68 Parliamentary Affairs 224 <http://pa.oxfordjournals.org/content/68/suppl_1/224.full.pdf+html>
‘Don’t Knock Clickivism: It Represents the Political Participation Aspirations of the Modern Citizen | The Policy and Internet Blog’ <http://blogs.oii.ox.ac.uk/policy/dont-knock-clickivism-it-represents-the-political-participation-aspirations-of-the-modern-citizen/>
Dorey, Peter, The Major Premiership: Politics and Policies under John Major, 1990-97 (Macmillan 1999) <http://ezproxy.lib.le.ac.uk/login?url=http://site.ebrary.com/lib/leicester/Doc?id=5001712>
Dunleavy, Patrick, Developments in British Politics 6 (Macmillan 2000)
——, Developments in British Politics 7 (Palgrave Macmillan 2003)
——, Developments in British Politics 8 (Macmillan 2006)
‘Election Analysis | UK Election Analysis 2015: Media, Voters and the Campaign’ <http://www.electionanalysis.uk/>
Electoral Commission, ‘Voter Engagement among Black and Minority Ethnic Communities’ <http://www.electoralcommission.org.uk/__data/assets/electoral_commission_pdf_file/0020/16094/Ethnicfinalreport_11586-6190__E__N__S__W__.pdf>
——, ‘Police and Crime Commissioner Elections in England and Wales. Report on the Administration of the Elections Held on 15 November 2012’ <http://www.electoralcommission.org.uk/__data/assets/pdf_file/0003/154353/PCC-Elections-Report.pdf>
——, ‘Scottish Independence Referendum: Report on the Referendum Held on 18 September 2014’ <http://www.electoralcommission.org.uk/__data/assets/pdf_ file/0010/179812/Scottish-independence-referendum-report.pdf>
‘Electoral Commission | 2011 UK Referendum on the Voting System Used to Elect MPs - Results’ <http://www.electoralcommission.org.uk/find-information-by-subject/elections-and-referendums/past-elections-and-referendums/referendums/2011-UK-referendum-on-the-voting-system-used-to-elect-MPs>
‘Electoral Commission | EU Referendum Result Visualisations’ <https://www.electoralcommission.org.uk/find-information-by-subject/elections-and-referendums/past-elections-and-referendums/eu-referendum/eu-referendum-result-visualisations>
‘Electoral Commission | Home’ <http://www.electoralcommission.org.uk/>
‘EU Referendum: Were Young People Less Likely to Vote? - BBC News’ <http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-36737374>
European Consortium for Political Research, The Challenges of Intra-Party Democracy, vol Comparative politics (William P Cross and Richard S Katz eds, Oxford University Press 2013)
Evans, Geoffrey and Norris, Pippa, Critical Elections: British Parties and Voters in Long-Term Perspective (SAGE 1999) <http://ezproxy.lib.le.ac.uk/login?url=https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/leicester/detail.action?docID=537771>
——, Critical Elections: British Parties and Voters in Long-Term Perspective (SAGE 1999) <http://ezproxy.lib.le.ac.uk/login?url=https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/leicester/detail.action?docID=537771>
Fisher J, ‘Whither the Parties?’ in Robert Hazell (ed), Constitutional Futures Revisited (Palgrave Macmillan 2008) <http://ezproxy.lib.le.ac.uk/login?url=http://www.palgraveconnect.com/doifinder/10.1057/9780230595088>
Fisher J, Fieldhouse E and Cutts D, ‘Members Are Not the Only Fruit: Volunteer Activity in British Political Parties at the 2010 General Election’ (2014) 16 The British Journal of Politics & International Relations 75
Flinders M, ‘The Problem with Democracy’ (2016) 69 Parliamentary Affairs 181
Fox R, ‘Engagement and Participation: What the Public Want and How Our Politicians Need to Respond’ (2009) 62 Parliamentary Affairs 673
Fox S, ‘Is It Time to Update the Definition of Political Participation? Political Participation in Britain: The Decline and Revival of Civic Culture’ [2013] Parliamentary Affairs 1
Furlong A and Cartmel F, ‘Social Change and Political Engagement Among Young People: Generation and the 2009/2010 British Election Survey’ (2012) 65 Parliamentary Affairs 13
Garcia Albacete G, Young People’s Political Participation in Western Europe (Palgrave Macmillan 2014)
Gauja A, ‘The Individualisation of Party Politics: The Impact of Changing Internal Decision-Making Processes on Policy Development and Citizen Engagement’ [2013] The British Journal of Politics & International Relations
——, The Politics of Party Policy: From Members to Legislators (Palgrave Macmillan 2013) <http://ezproxy.lib.le.ac.uk/login?url=http://lib.myilibrary.com?id=471879>
Gavin NT, ‘Pressure Group Direct Action on Climate Change: The Role of the Media and the Web in Britain-A Case Study’ (2010) 12 The British Journal of Politics & International Relations 459
Gibson R and Cantijoch M, ‘Conceptualizing and Measuring Participation in the Age of the Internet: Is Online Political Engagement Really Different to Offline?’ (2013) 75 The Journal of Politics 701
Gibson R and Cantijoch M, ‘2010 May Not Have Marked the First “Internet Election”, but Digital Platforms Are of Ever Increasing Importance in Political Campaigning | British Politics and Policy at LSE’ (British Politics and Policy at LSE) <http://blogs.lse.ac.uk/politicsandpolicy/archives/16525>
Gibson R, Cantijoch M and Ward S (eds), ‘The Internet and the 2010 Election; Putting the Small “p” Back in Politics?’ <http://www.hansardsociety.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2012/10/The-internet-and-the-2010-election-2010.pdf>
Gibson, Rachel, Nixon, P. G., and Ward, Stephen, Political Parties and the Internet: Net Gain? (Routledge 2003)
Gibson RK, ‘NEW MEDIA AND THE REVITALISATION OF POLITICS’ (2009) 45 Representation 289
Gibson RK, Lusoli W and Ward S, ‘Online Participation in the UK: Testing a “Contextualised” Model of Internet Effects1’ (2005) 7 The British Journal of Politics and International Relations 561
Goerres A, The Political Participation of Older People in Europe: The Greying of Our Democracies (Palgrave Macmillan 2009) <http://ezproxy.lib.le.ac.uk/login?url=http://www.palgraveconnect.com/doifinder/10.1057/9780230233959>
Goodwin MJ, ‘Activism in Contemporary Extreme Right Parties: The Case of the British National Party (BNP)’ (2010) 20 Journal of Elections, Public Opinion & Parties 31
Goodwin MJ and Heath O, ‘The 2016 Referendum, Brexit and the Left Behind: An Aggregate-Level Analysis of the Result’ (2016) 87 Political Quarterly 323
Grant W, ‘Pressure Politics: From “Insider” Politics to Direct Action?’ (2001) 54 Parliamentary Affairs 337 <http://pa.oxfordjournals.org/content/54/2/337.full.pdf+html>
——, ‘Pressure Politics: The Challenges for Democracy’ (2003) 56 Parliamentary Affairs 297
——, ‘Pressure Politics: The Changing World of Pressure Groups’ (2004) 57 Parliamentary Affairs 408
——, ‘Pressure Politics: A Politics of Collective Consumption?’ (2005) 58 Parliamentary Affairs 366
Grant W, ‘The Changing Patterns of Group Politics in Britain’ (2008) 3 British Politics 204
——, ‘Pressure Politics: The Role of Pressure Groups’ (2014) 5 Political Insight 12
Grant, Wyn, Business and Politics in Britain (2nd ed, Macmillan 1993)
——, Pressure Groups, Politics and Democracy in Britain, vol Contemporary political studies (2nd ed, Harvester Wheatsheaf 1995)
——, Pressure Groups and British Politics, vol Contemporary political studies (Macmillan Press 2000)
Gurr TR, Why Men Rebel (40th anniversary ed, Paradigm 2012) <http://ezproxy.lib.le.ac.uk/login?url=http://lib.myilibrary.com?id=870103>
Halpin D, Surviving Global Change? (Routledge 2017) <https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/leicester/detail.action?docID=5164703>
——, Surviving Global Change? (Routledge 2017) <https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/leicester/detail.action?docID=5164703>
Halupka M, ‘Clicktivism: A Systematic Heuristic’ (2014) 6 Policy & Internet 115
——, ‘The Rise of Information Activism: How to Bridge Dualisms and Reconceptualise Political Participation’ (2016) 19 Information, Communication & Society 1487
Harris J, ‘Welcome to the First E-Election | Politics | The Guardian’ The Guardian <http://www.theguardian.com/politics/2010/mar/17/labour-conservatives-general-election-online>
Haute, Emilie van, Party Membership in Europe: Exploration into the Anthills of Party Politics, vol Science politique (Editions de Université de Bruxelles 2011)
Hay C and Stoker G, ‘REVITALISING POLITICS: HAVE WE LOST THE PLOT?’ (2009) 45 Representation 225
Hay, Colin, New Directions in Political Science: Responding to the Challenges of an Interdependent World (Palgrave Macmillan 2010)
Heath O and Goodwin M, ‘The 2017 General Election, Brexit and the Return to Two-Party Politics: An Aggregate-Level Analysis of the Result’ [2017] The Political Quarterly
Heffernan R and others (eds), Developments in British Politics 10 (Palgrave Macmillan 2016)
Heffernan, Richard, Cowley, Philip, and Hay, Colin, Developments in British Politics 9 (Palgrave Macmillan 2011)
——, Developments in British Politics 9 (Palgrave Macmillan 2011)
Helm T, ‘How the 2010 Election Will Be Won by Blogs and Tweets | Politics | The Observer’ The Observer <http://www.theguardian.com/politics/2010/jan/03/labour-tory-internet-campaigns>
Henn M and Foard N, ‘Young People, Political Participation and Trust in Britain’ (2012) 65 Parliamentary Affairs 47
Henn M and Foard N, ‘Social Differentiation in Young People’s Political Participation: The Impact of Social and Educational Factors on Youth Political Engagement in Britain’ [2013] Journal of Youth Studies 1
Henn M and Weinstein M, ‘Young People and Political (in)Activism: Why Don’t Young People Vote?’ (2006) 34 Policy & Politics 517
Henn M, Weinstein M and Forrest S, ‘Uninterested Youth? Young People’s Attitudes towards Party Politics in Britain’ (2005) 53 Political Studies 556
Henn M, Weinstein M and Hodgkinson S, ‘Social Capital and Political Participation: Understanding the Dynamics of Young People’s Political Disengagement in Contemporary Britain’ (2007) 6 Social Policy and Society
HENN M, WEINSTEIN M and WRING D, ‘A Generation Apart? Youth and Political Participation in Britain’ (2002) 4 The British Journal of Politics and International Relations 167
Henry E. Brady, Sidney Verba and Kay Lehman Schlozman, ‘Beyond Ses: A Resource Model of Political Participation’ (1995) 89 The American Political Science Review 271 <http://www.jstor.org/stable/2082425>
Hindman, Matthew Scott, The Myth of Digital Democracy (Princeton University Press 2009) <http://ezproxy.lib.le.ac.uk/login?url=http://www.myilibrary.com?id=296467>
‘HM Government E-Petitions’ <http://epetitions.direct.gov.uk/>
Hooghe M, Hosch-Dayican B and van Deth JW, ‘Conceptualizing Political Participation’ (2014) 49 Acta Politica 337
House of Commons Political and Constitutional Reform Committee, ‘Voter Engagement in the UK: Fourth Report of the 2014- 2015 Session, HC232’ <http://www.parliament.uk/voter-engagement-in-the-uk>
House of Commons Select Committee on Political and Constitutional Reform, ‘Political and Constitutional Reform - Fourth Report. Voter Engagement in the UK’ <http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm201415/cmselect/cmpolcon/232/23202.htm>
‘House of Lords - Referendums in the United Kingdom - Constitution Committee’ <http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/ld200910/ldselect/ldconst/99/9902.htm>
‘How Momentum Got Britain’s Youth Interested in Politics | British Politics and Policy at LSE’ <http://blogs.lse.ac.uk/politicsandpolicy/how-momentum-got-young-people-interested-in-formal-politics/>
‘How Should Politicians Reconnect with Voters? - BBC News’ <http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/election-2017-40000449>
Huhne C, ‘REVITALISING POLITICS: RESPONDING TO THE CHALLENGE’ (2009) 45 Representation 325
Jennings W, Stoker G and Twyman J, ‘The Dimensions and Impact of Political Discontent in Britain’ [2016] Parliamentary Affairs
——, ‘The Dimensions and Impact of Political Discontent in Britain’ [2016] Parliamentary Affairs
Johnson C and Marshall B, ‘Political Engagement among Young People: An Update’ <http://ec.clients.squiz.co.uk/__data/assets/electoral_commission_pdf_file/0016/16135/Politicalengagementamongyoungpeople_14096-10669__E__N__S__W__.pdf>
Jordan, A. G. and Maloney, William A., The Protest Business?: Mobilizing Campaign Groups, vol Issues in environmental politics (Manchester University Press 1997)
——, Democracy and Interest Groups: Enhancing Participation? (Palgrave Macmillan 2007)
‘Joseph Rowntree Reform Trust - State of the Nation Surveys’ <http://www.jrrt.org.uk/publications>
Jowell, Roger and National Centre for Social Research, British Social Attitudes: The 16th Report: Who Shares the New Labour Values? (Ashgate 1999)
Joyce P and Joyce PD, Politics of Protest, The: Extra-Parliamentary Politics in Britain Since 1970 (Palgrave MacMillan 2002)
Katz RS and Crotty WJ, Handbook of Party Politics (SAGE Publications Ltd 2012)
Kellner P, ‘Down with People Power’ Prospect <http://www.prospectmagazine.co.uk/features/downwithpeoplepower>
KELSO A, ‘Parliament and Political Disengagement: Neither Waving nor Drowning’ (2007) 78 The Political Quarterly 364
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——, The British Constitution (Oxford University Press 2007) <http://ezproxy.lib.le.ac.uk/login?url=http://www.myilibrary.com?id=238231>
Klingemann, Hans-Dieter and Fuchs, Dieter, Citizens and the State, vol Beliefs in government (Oxford University Press 1995) <https://blackboard.le.ac.uk/bbcswebdav/pid-824511-dt-content-rid-2072834_5/library/eReserves/PL3127/PL3127_27694.pdf>
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Kyriakos DN (ed), Democracy in Transition: Political Participation in the European Union (Springer 2013) <http://ezproxy.lib.le.ac.uk/login?url=http://lib.myilibrary.com?id=425838>
Lawrence LeDuc, ‘Why Did Britain Vote for Change When so Many Referendums End in the Status Quo?’ The Conversation <https://theconversation.com/why-did-britain-vote-for-change-when-so-many-referendums-end-in-the-status-quo-61970>
Lawrence M and Birch S, ‘The Democracy Commission: Reforming Democracy to Combat Political Inequality’ <http://www.ippr.org/files/publications/pdf/democracy-commission_Aug2015.pdf?noredirect=1>
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LeDuc L, Niemi RG and Norris P (eds), Comparing Democracies 4: Elections and Voting in a Changing World (Fourth edition, SAGE 2014)
LeDuc, Lawrence, The Politics of Direct Democracy: Referendums in Global Perspective (Broadview Press 2003) <http://le.alma.exlibrisgroup.com/view/action/uresolver.do?operation=resolveService&package_service_id=5664316980002746&institutionId=2746&customerId=2745>
Lee L and Young P, ‘A Disengaged Britain? Political Interest and Participation over 30 Years’ in Alison Park and others (eds), British Social Attitudes 30 (NatCen 2013) <http://www.bsa.natcen.ac.uk/latest-report/british-social-attitudes-30/politics/introduction.aspx>
Lent A, ‘The Transformation of Gay and Lesbian Politics in Britain1’ (2003) 5 The British Journal of Politics and International Relations 24
Lent, Adam, British Social Movements since 1945: Sex, Colour, Peace and Power, vol Contemporary history in context series (Palgrave 2001)
Lilleker DG and Koc-Michalska K, ‘What Drives Political Participation? Motivations and Mobilization in a Digital Age’ (2017) 34 Political Communication 21
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Lukas Audickas, ‘Membership of UK Political Parties’ <https://researchbriefings.parliament.uk/ResearchBriefing/Summary/SN05125>
Lusoli W and Ward S, ‘Digital Rank-and-File: Party Activists’ Perceptions and Use of the Internet’ (2004) 6 The British Journal of Politics and International Relations 453
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Marsh, Alan, Protest and Political Consciousness, vol Sage library of social research (Sage Publications 1977)
Marsh D, Vines E and Halupka M, ‘Two Cheers for Richards and Smith: Beyond Anti-Politics?’ (2016) 87 The Political Quarterly 383
Marsh, David, O’Toole, Therese, and Jones, Su, Young People and Politics in the UK: Apathy or Alienation? (Palgrave Macmillan 2007)
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Marsh I, ‘Democratic Discontents. Comment on: Flinders, M. (2015) The Problem with Democracy’ (2016) 69 Parliamentary Affairs 207
McAllister I, ‘Explaining Turnout in the 2001 British General Election∗’ (2001) 38 Representation 256
McAllister L, ‘The Welsh Devolution Referendum: Definitely, Maybe?’ (1998) 51 Parliamentary Affairs 149
Mchugh D, ‘Wanting to Be Heard But Not Wanting to Act? Addressing Political Disengagement’ (2006) 59 Parliamentary Affairs 546
Milner, Henry, The Internet Generation: Engaged Citizens or Political Dropouts, vol Civil society, historical and contemporary perspectives (University Press of New England 2010) <http://ezproxy.lib.le.ac.uk/login?url=http://site.ebrary.com/lib/leicester/Doc?id=10395900>
Mitchell J, Bennie L and Johns R, ‘Referendum as Platform: The SNP and Scottish Green Membership Surge’ (2017) 8 Political Insight 16
Mitchell, James, Bennie, Lynn G., and Johns, Robert, The Scottish National Party: Transition to Power (Oxford University Press 2012)
Morel L and Qvortrup M (eds), The Routledge Handbook to Referendums and Direct Democracy (Routledge 2018) <https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/leicester/detail.action?docID=5185375>
Muller EN, Aggressive Political Participation (Princeton University Press 1979)
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Nielsen JS (ed), Muslim Political Participation in Europe (Edinburgh University Press 2014) <http://ezproxy.lib.le.ac.uk/login?url=http://lib.myilibrary.com?id=479626>
Norris P, ‘Gender Differences in Political Participation in Britain: Traditional, Radical and Revisionist Models’ (1991) 26 Government and Opposition 56
——, Digital Divide? Civic Engagement, Information Poverty and the Internet Worldwide. (Cambridge University Press 2001)
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Norris, Pippa, Britain Votes, 2001, vol Hansard Society (Oxford University Press 2001)
——, Digital Divide: Civic Engagement, Information Poverty, and the Internet Worldwide, vol Communication, society and politics (Cambridge University Press 2001)
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Norris, Pippa and Gavin, Neil T., Britain Votes, 1997, vol Series in politics and government (Oxford University Press 1997)
Oliver Hawkins, ‘UK Election Statistics: 1918-2017’ <http://researchbriefings.parliament.uk/ResearchBriefing/Summary/CBP-7529>
O’Toole T and others, ‘Tuning out or Left out? Participation and Non-Participation among Young People’ (2003) 9 Contemporary Politics 45
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Park, Alison, British Social Attitudes: The 20th Report : Continuity and Change over Two Decades (SAGE 2003) <http://ezproxy.lib.le.ac.uk/login?url=http://site.ebrary.com/lib/leicester/Doc?id=10080878>
——, British Social Attitudes: The 21st Report : Continuity and Change over Two Decades (SAGE 2004) <http://site.ebrary.com/lib/leicester/Doc?id=10256787>
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Park, Alison and National Centre for Social Research, British Social Attitudes: The 19th Report (SAGE 2002) <http://ezproxy.lib.le.ac.uk/login?url=http://site.ebrary.com/lib/leicester/detail.action?docID=10348609>
——, British Social Attitudes: The 24th Report (SAGE 2008) <http://le.alma.exlibrisgroup.com/view/action/uresolver.do?operation=resolveService&package_service_id=5664380620002746&institutionId=2746&customerId=2745>
——, British Social Attitudes: The 26th Report (SAGE 2010) <https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/leicester/detail.action?docID=254593>
Parry G and Moyser G, ‘A Map of Political Participation in Britain’ (1990) 25 Government and Opposition 147
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Pattie C, ‘Civic Attitudes and Engagement in Modern Britain’ (2003) 56 Parliamentary Affairs 616
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Pattie C and Johnston R, ‘Power to the People Through “Real Power and True Elections”? The Power Report and Revitalising British Democracy’ (2007) 60 Parliamentary Affairs 253
Pattie, C. J., Seyd, Patrick, and Whiteley, Paul, Citizenship in Britain: Values, Participation and Democracy (Cambridge University Press 2004) <http://ezproxy.lib.le.ac.uk/login?url=http://www.myilibrary.com?id=74997>
——, Citizenship in Britain: Values, Participation and Democracy (Cambridge University Press 2004) <http://ezproxy.lib.le.ac.uk/login?url=http://www.myilibrary.com?id=74997>
Paul F. Whiteley, Patrick Seyd, Jeremy Richardson and Paul Bissell, ‘Explaining Party Activism: The Case of the British Conservative Party’ (1994) 24 British Journal of Political Science 79 <http://www.jstor.org/stable/194186>
Peele G and Francis JG (eds), David Cameron and Conservative Renewal: The Limits of Modernisation?, vol New perspectives on the right (Manchester University Press 2016) <http://le.alma.exlibrisgroup.com/view/action/uresolver.do?operation=resolveService&package_service_id=5664736860002746&institutionId=2746&customerId=2745>
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Peter A. Hall, ‘Social Capital in Britain’ (1999) 29 British Journal of Political Science 417 <http://www.jstor.org/stable/194145>
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PHELPS E, ‘Young Voters at the 2005 British General Election’ (2005) 76 The Political Quarterly 482
Pickard S, ‘Momentum and the Movementist “Corbynistas”: Young People Regenerating the Labour Party in Britain’ in Sarah Pickard and Judith Bessant (eds), Young people re-generating politics in times of crises, vol Palgrave studies in young people and politics (Palgrave Macmillan 2017) <http://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-319-58250-4_7>
Pickard S and Bessant J, Young People Re-Generating Politics in Times of Crises (1st ed. 2018, Springer International Publishing AG 2017)
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QVORTRUP M, ‘Voting on Electoral Reform: A Comparative Perspective on the Alternative Vote Referendum in the United Kingdom’ (2012) 83 The Political Quarterly 108
Qvortrup M, Politics of Participation (Manchester University Press 2013)
Qvortrup M (ed), Referendums around the World: The Continued Growth of Direct Democracy (Palgrave Macmillan 2014) <http://ezproxy.lib.le.ac.uk/login?url=http://leicester.eblib.com/patron/FullRecord.aspx?p=1809324>
Qvortrup M, ‘Power to the People! But How? The Different Uses of Referendums around the WorldAltmanD. (2011) Direct Democracy Worldwide. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.BernhardL. (2012) Campaign Strategy in Direct Democracy. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.HoboltS. B. (2009) Europe in Question: Referendums on European Integration. Oxford: Oxford University Press.SchillerT. (Ed.) (2011) Local Direct Democracy in Europe. Wiesbaden: VS Verlag.SetäläM. and SchillerT. (Eds) (2012) Citizens’ Initiatives in Europe: Procedures and Consequences of Agenda-Setting by Citizens. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.TierneyS. (2012) Constitutional Referendums: The Theory and Practice of Republican Deliberation. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Wyn JonesR. and ScullyR. (2012) Wales Says Yes: Devolution and the 2011 Welsh Referendum. Cardiff: University of Wales Press.’ (2015) 13 Political Studies Review 37
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Rallings C and Thrasher M, ‘Local Electoral Participation in Britain’ (2003) 56 Parliamentary Affairs 700
Rallings C and Thrasher M, ‘“Just Another Expensive Talking Shop”: Public Attitudes and the 2004 Regional Assembly Referendum in the North East of England’ (2006) 40 Regional Studies 927
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Richards D and Smith MJ, ‘In Defence of British Politics Against the British Political Tradition’ (2015) 86 Political Quarterly 41
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Richards, David and Smith, Martin J., Governance and Public Policy in the United Kingdom (Oxford University Press 2002)
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Robinson N, ‘Fuel Protests: Governing the Ungovernable?’ (2003) 56 Parliamentary Affairs 423
Rootes C, ‘Facing South? British Environmental Movement Organisations and the Challenge of Globalisation’ (2006) 15 Environmental Politics 768
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Rootes, Chris, Environmental Movements: Local, National, and Global (Frank Cass 1999)
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Runciman WG, Relative Deprivation and Social Justice: A Study of Attitudes to Social Inequality in Twentieth Century England (Law Book Co of Australasia 1966)
Russell A, ‘Political Parties as Vehicles of Political Engagement’ (2005) 58 Parliamentary Affairs 555
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Sanders D, ‘The Dynamics of Protest in Britain, 2000-2002’ (2003) 56 Parliamentary Affairs 687
Sanders D and others, ‘Public Attitudes towards Political Protest in Britain, 2000-02’ (2004) 14 Journal of Elections, Public Opinion & Parties 147
——, ‘The Democratic Engagement of Britain’s Ethnic Minorities’ (2014) 37 Ethnic and Racial Studies 120
Saunders R, Yes to Europe! (Cambridge University Press (Virtual Publishing) 2018) <http://le.alma.exlibrisgroup.com/view/action/uresolver.do?operation=resolveService&package_service_id=5664683000002746&institutionId=2746&customerId=2745>
‘Scandals, War and the Millennials: Why the Iraq War and the Expenses Scandal Are Not to Blame for the Low Turnout of the Young’ [2015] British Politics <http://www.palgrave-journals.com/bp/journal/vaop/ncurrent/abs/bp201511a.html>
Scarrow SE, Beyond Party Members: Changing Approaches to Partisan Mobilization, vol Comparative politics (First edition, Oxford University Press 2015)
——, ‘The Changing Nature of Political Party Membership’, OXFORD RESEARCH ENCYCLOPEDIA, POLITICS, vol 1 (Oxford University Press 2017) <http://politics.oxfordre.com/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780190228637.001.0001/acrefore-9780190228637-e-226>
Scarrow SE and Gezgor B, ‘Declining Memberships, Changing Members? European Political Party Members in a New Era’ (2010) 16 Party Politics 823
Scarrow SE, Webb P and Poguntke T (eds), Organizing Political Parties: Representation, Participation, and Power (Oxford University Press 2017) <https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/leicester/detail.action?docID=4877960>
Schuck ART and de Vreese CH, ‘Public Support for Referendums in Europe: A Cross-National Comparison in 21 Countries’ (2015) 38 Electoral Studies 149
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Seel, Benjamin, Paterson, Matthew, and Doherty, Brian, Direct Action in British Environmentalism (Routledge 2000) <http://ezproxy.lib.le.ac.uk/login?url=http://site.ebrary.com/lib/leicester/Doc?id=10054161>
Seyd B, ‘Regulating the Referendum’ (1998) 35 Representation 191
Seyd B, ‘Exploring Political Disappointment’ [2015] Parliamentary Affairs
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Seyd P and Whiteley P, ‘British Party Members: An Overview’ (2004) 10 Party Politics 355
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Seyd, Patrick and Whiteley, Paul, Labour’s Grass Roots: The Politics of Party Membership (Clarendon Press 1992)
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Simpson I and Phillips M, ‘Disengaged and Disconnected? Trends in Attitudes towards Politics’ in Rachel Ormston and John Curtice (eds), British Social Attitudes 32 (NatCen 2015) <http://www.bsa.natcen.ac.uk/latest-report/british-social-attitudes-32/politics.aspx>
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Sloam J, ‘The “Outraged Young”:’ (2013) 4 Political Insight 4
Sloam J, ‘New Voice, Less Equal: The Civic and Political Engagement of Young People in the United States and Europe’ (2014) 47 Comparative Political Studies 663
Sloam J, ‘#Votebecause: Youth Mobilisation for the Referendum on British Membership of the European Union’ [2018] New Media & Society
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‘The Rise of Anti-Politics in Britain’ <https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/394835/>
The Speaker’s Commission on Digital Democracy, ‘Open Up: The Speaker’s Commission on Digital Democracy’ <http://www.parliament.uk/business/commons/the-speaker/speakers-commission-on-digital-democracy/ddc-news/digital-democracy-commission-report-publication/>
Theocharis Y, ‘THE INFLUENCE OF POSTMATERIALIST ORIENTATIONS ON YOUNG BRITISH PEOPLE’S OFFLINE AND ONLINE POLITICAL PARTICIPATION’ (2011) 47 Representation 435
Theocharis Y, ‘Cuts, Tweets, Solidarity and Mobilisation: How the Internet Shaped the Student Occupations’ (2012) 65 Parliamentary Affairs 162
Theocharis Y and Deth JW van, Political Participation in a Changing World: Conceptual and Empirical Challenges in the Study of Citizen Engagement (Routledge 2018) <https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/leicester/detail.action?docID=5023836>
Theocharis Y and van Deth JW, ‘The Continuous Expansion of Citizen Participation: A New Taxonomy’ (2018) 10 European Political Science Review 139
Thorpe A, ‘THE MEMBERSHIP OF THE COMMUNIST PARTY OF GREAT BRITAIN, 1920–’ (2000) 43 The Historical Journal 777
Thorpe A, ‘Reconstructing Conservative Party Membership in World War II Britain’ (2009) 62 Parliamentary Affairs 227
TICKELL A, JOHN P and MUSSON S, ‘The North East Region Referendum Campaign of 2004: Issues and Turning Points’ (2005) 76 The Political Quarterly 488
Tierney S, ‘Reclaiming Politics: Popular Democracy in Britain after the Scottish Referendum’ (2015) 86 The Political Quarterly 226
Todd, Malcolm J. and Taylor, Gary, Democracy and Participation: Popular Protest and New Social Movements (Merlin 2004)
Tonge J, ‘REVITALISING POLITICS: ENGAGING YOUNG PEOPLE’ (2009) 45 Representation 237
Travis A, ‘Low Turnout at Police Commissioner Elections Blamed on Lack of Information | UK News | The Guardian’ <http://www.theguardian.com/uk/2013/mar/19/low-turnout-police-commissioner-elections>
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‘United by What Divides Us: 38 Degrees and the EU Referendum’ <https://static1.squarespace.com/static/543e4a04e4b0a4f2ae6c0923/t/59edcf25ace8645c75976adf/1508757286543/2016_Dennis_United_By_What_Divides_US_EU_Referendum_Analysis.pdf>
Vaccari C, ‘Online Mobilization in Comparative Perspective: Digital Appeals and Political Engagement in Germany, Italy, and the United Kingdom’ (2017) 34 Political Communication 69
van Biezen I, ‘The Decline in Party Membership across Europe Means That Political Parties Need to Reconsider How They Engage with the Electorate.’ (6AD) <http://blogs.lse.ac.uk/europpblog/2013/05/06/decline-in-party-membership-europe-ingrid-van-biezen/>
Van Biezen I, Mair P and Poguntke T, ‘Going, Going, . . . Gone? The Decline of Party Membership in Contemporary Europe’ (2012) 51 European Journal of Political Research 24
van Deth JW (ed), Private Groups and Public Life: Social Participation and Political Involvement in Representative Democracies (Routledge 1997) <http://le.alma.exlibrisgroup.com/view/action/uresolver.do?operation=resolveService&package_service_id=5663968860002746&institutionId=2746&customerId=2745>
van Deth JW, ‘A Conceptual Map of Political Participation’ (2014) 49 Acta Politica 349
van Haute E and Gauja A (eds), Party Members and Activists (Routledge 2015)
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