Bibliography for PL2023 Politics and Power in Africa

‘’ Chinese Company To Build Housing Complex In Matola, Mozambique | Macauhub English’. N.p., n.d. Web. <http://www.macauhub.com.mo/en/?s=%27+Chinese+company+to+build+housing+complex+in+Matola%2C+Mozambique>.

A Du Pisani. ‘New Sites of Governance’. Theory, Change and the Future for Southern Africa. Palgrave Macmillan, 2000. Web. <http://ezproxy.lib.le.ac.uk/login?url=http://site.ebrary.com/lib/leicester/Doc?id=10044879>.

‘A New Atlantic Alliance; Brazil in Africa’. The Economist 405.8 (2012): n. pag. Web. <http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?id=GALE|A307748988&v=2.1&u=leicester&it=r&p=&sw=w&asid=b581e710ec63ccfa442073b16d86b69a>.

Abatan, Ella, and Yolanda Spies. ‘African Solutions to African Problems? The AU, R2P and Côte d’Ivoire’. South African Journal of International Affairs 23.1 (2016): 21–38. Web.

Abbas, Hakima, and Yves Niyiragira. Aid to Africa: Redeemer or Coloniser? Chicago: Pambazuka Press, 2009. Web. <http://ezproxy.lib.le.ac.uk/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&scope=site&db=nlebk&db=nlabk&AN=398479>.

Abbay, Alemseged. ‘Diversity and Democracy in Ethiopia’. Journal of Eastern African Studies 3.2 (2009): 175–201. Web.

ABC News Nightline Heart of Darkness: The Democratic Republic of Congo. N.p. Print.

Abdenur, Adriana Erthal, and Danilo Marcondes De Souza Neto. ‘Rising Powers and The Security–Development Nexus: Brazil’s Engagement with Guinea-Bissau’. Journal of Peacebuilding & Development 9.2 (2014): 1–16. Web.

Abegaz, Berhanu. ‘Aid, Accountability and Institution Building in Ethiopia: The Self-Limiting Nature of Technocratic Aid’. Third World Quarterly 36.7 (2015): 1382–1403. Web.

Abegunrin, Olayiwola, and Olusoji Akomolafe. Nigeria in Global Politics: Twentieth Century and Beyond. Hauppauge: Nova Science Publishers, Inc, 2006. Web. <http://le.alma.exlibrisgroup.com/view/action/uresolver.do?operation=resolveService&package_service_id=5662769620002746&institutionId=2746&customerId=2745>.

Abrahamsen, R. ‘African Democracy - Still Disciplined after All These Years?’ International Relations 27.2 (2013): 241–246. Web.

Abrahamsen, Rita. ‘The Power of Partnerships in Global Governance’. Third World Quarterly 25.8 (2004): 1453–1467. Web.

Abrahamsen, Rita, and Gerald Bareebe. ‘Uganda’s 2016 Elections: Not Even Faking It Anymore’. African Affairs 115.461 (2016): 751–765. Web.

Abu Bakarr Bah, Mark Davidheiser, Niklas Hultin and Tricia Redeker Hepner. ‘Introduction to ACPR: African Conflict in Global Perspective’. African Conflict and Peacebuilding Review 1.1 (2011): 1–7. Web. <http://www.jstor.org.ezproxy3.lib.le.ac.uk/stable/10.2979/africonfpeacrevi.1.1.1#pdf_only_tab_contents>.

Adam, Hussein M. ‘Somalia: Militarism, Warlordism or Democracy ?’ Review of African Political Economy 19.54 (1992): 11–26. Web.

‘Addressing the Impact of HIV/AIDS on Women and Children in Sub-Saharan Africa: PEPFAR, the U.S. Strategy’. Africa Today 57.1 65–76. Web. <http://muse.jhu.edu.ezproxy3.lib.le.ac.uk/journals/africa_today/v057/57.1.rodney.html>.

ADEBAJO, A. ‘Nigeria: Africa’s New Gendarme?’ Security Dialogue 31.2 (2000): 185–199. Web.

Adebajo, Adekeye. ‘The Revolt against the West: Intervention and Sovereignty’. Third World Quarterly 37.7 (2016): 1187–1202. Web.

Adegbulu, Femi. : ‘: The Emergence of a Terrorist Sect in Nigeria 2009–2013’. African Identities 11.3 (2013): 260–273. Web.

Adrienne Lebas. From Protest to Parties: Party-Building And Democratization In Africa. Oxford University Press, Usa; Reprint edition, 2013. Web. <http://ezproxy.lib.le.ac.uk/login?url=http://lib.myilibrary.com?id=428738>.

African Development Bank. African Development Report: 2010: Ports, Logistics, and Trade in Africa. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, 2010. Print.

Agbiboa, Daniel. ‘Shifting the Battleground: The Transformation of Al-Shabab and the Growing Influence of Al-Qaeda in East Africa and the Horn’. Politikon 42.2 (2015): 177–194. Web.

Aghedo, Iro. ‘Old Wine in a New Bottle: Ideological and Operational Linkages Between Maitatsine and Boko Haram Revolts in Nigeria’. African Security 7.4 (2014): 229–250. Web.

Ahluwalia, D. P. S. Politics and Post-Colonial Theory: African Inflections. London: Routledge, 2001. Web. <http://le.alma.exlibrisgroup.com/view/action/uresolver.do?operation=resolveService&package_service_id=5662950890002746&institutionId=2746&customerId=2745>.

---. Politics and Post-Colonial Theory: African Inflections. London: Routledge, 2001. Web. <http://le.alma.exlibrisgroup.com/view/action/uresolver.do?operation=resolveService&package_service_id=5663029350002746&institutionId=2746&customerId=2745>.

Ahwireng‐Obeng, Fred, and Patrick J. McGowan. ‘Partner or Hegemon? South Africa in Africa: Part One’. Journal of Contemporary African Studies 16.1 (1998): 5–38. Web.

Ainslie, Andrew, and Thembela Kepe. ‘Understanding the Resurgence of Traditional Authorities in Post-Apartheid South Africa’. Journal of Southern African Studies 42.1 (2016): 19–33. Web.

Akinola, Adeoye O. ‘Niger Delta Crisis: The Nexus between Militants’ Insurgency and Security in West Africa’. African Security 4.1 (2011): 65–80. Web.

Akinola, Olabanji. ‘Boko Haram Insurgency in Nigeria: Between Islamic Fundamentalism, Politics, and Poverty’. African Security 8.1 (2015): 1–29. Web.

Alcinda Honwana. Child Soldiers in Africa (The Ethnography of Political Violence). University of Pennsylvania Press. Web. <http://le.alma.exlibrisgroup.com/view/action/uresolver.do?operation=resolveService&package_service_id=5664783830002746&institutionId=2746&customerId=2745>.

Alden, Chris, and Garth le Pere. ‘Chapter 4: South Africa, Africa and the South: Leadership and Revival’. The Adelphi Papers 43.362 (2003): 55–69. Web.

Alden, Chris, and Garth Le Pere. ‘South Africa in Africa: Bound To Lead?’ Politikon 36.1 (2009): 145–169. Web.

Alden, Chris, and Yu-Shan Wu. ‘South African Foreign Policy and China: Converging Visions, Competing Interests, Contested Identities’. Commonwealth & Comparative Politics 54.2 (2016): 203–231. Web.

Althaus, Frances. ‘Female Circumcision: Rite of Passage Or Violation of Rights?’ International Family Planning Perspectives. N.p., n.d. Web. <https://www.guttmacher.org/pubs/journals/2313097.html>.

Amone, Charles. ‘Contructivism, Instrumentalism and the Rise of Acholi Ethnic Identity in Northern Uganda’. African Identities 13.2 (2015): 129–143. Web.

‘Anchoring the “D-Word” in Africa’. Journal of Democracy 21.4 (2010): 106–113. Web.

‘---’. Journal of Democracy 21.4 (2010): 106–113. Web.

Andersen, Louise R. ‘Something’s Gotta Give: Security Sector Reform and United Nations Peace Operations’. African Security 5.3–4 (2012): 217–235. Web.

Anderson, D. M., and J. McKnight. ‘Kenya at War: Al-Shabaab and Its Enemies in Eastern Africa’. African Affairs 114.454 (2015): 1–27. Web.

Andrews, Nathan, and Sylvia Bawa. ‘A Post-Development Hoax? (Re)-Examining the Past, Present and Future of Development Studies’. Third World Quarterly 35.6 (2014): 922–938. Web.

‘Angola: China Provides Loan of US$4.5 Billion as Part of Framework Agreement with Angola | Macauhub English’. N.p., 27 Mar. 2009. Web. <http://www.macauhub.com.mo/en/2009/03/27/6796/>.

‘Angola Prioritises Financing in Markets and Credit Lines from China and Brazil | Macauhub English’. N.p., 31 Aug. 2015. Web. <http://www.macauhub.com.mo/en/2015/08/31/angola-prioritises-financing-in-markets-and-credit-lines-from-china-and-brazil/>.

‘Angolan Parliament Approves New Framework Cooperation Agreement between Angola and China | Macauhub English’. N.p., 19 Nov. 2009. Web. <http://www.macauhub.com.mo/en/2009/10/19/7954/>.

Anne Pitcher, Mary H. Moran and Michael Johnston. ‘Rethinking Patrimonialism and Neopatrimonialism in Africa’. African Studies Review 52.1 (2009): 125–156. Web. <http://www.jstor.org/stable/27667425?pq-origsite=summon&seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents>.

Arnfred, Signe and Nordiska Afrikainstitutet. Re-Thinking Sexualities in Africa. 2nd ed. Uppsala: Nordiska Afrikainstitutet, 2006. Print.

Ayers, Alison J. ‘Beyond Myths, Lies and Stereotypes: The Political Economy of a “New Scramble for Africa”’. New Political Economy 18.2 (2013): 227–257. Web.

A’Zami, D. ‘“China in Africa”: From Under-Researched to Under-Theorised?’ Millennium - Journal of International Studies 43.2 (2015): 724–734. Web.

Azevedo-Harman, Elisabete. ‘Patching Things Up in Mozambique’. Journal of Democracy 26.2 (2015): 139–150. Web.

Bachmann, Jan, and Linnéa Gelot. ‘Between Protection and Stabilization? Addressing the Tensions in Contemporary Western Interventions in Africa: An Introduction’. African Security 5.3–4 (2012): 129–141. Web.

Badmus, Isiaka A. The African Union’s Role in Peacekeeping: Building on Lessons Learned from Security Operations. Rethinking Peace and Conflict Studies. Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire, England: Palgrave Macmillan, 2015. Web. <http://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/leicester/detail.action?docID=4001302>.

---. The African Union’s Role in Peacekeeping: Building on Lessons Learned from Security Operations. Rethinking Peace and Conflict Studies. Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire, England: Palgrave Macmillan, 2015. Web. <http://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/leicester/detail.action?docID=4001302>.

Bakare-Yusuf, Bibi. ‘Scattered Limbs, Scattered Stories: The Silence of Biafra’. African Identities 10.3 (2012): 243–248. Web.

Banks, Nicola, and David Hulme. ‘New Development Alternatives or Business as Usual with a New Face? The Transformative Potential of New Actors and Alliances in Development’. Third World Quarterly 35.1 (2014): 181–195. Web.

‘“Baptism by Fire”: Boko Haram and the Reign of Terror in Nigeria’. Africa Today 59.2 40–57. Web. <http://muse.jhu.edu.ezproxy3.lib.le.ac.uk/journals/africa_today/v059/59.2.maiangwa.html>.

Baregu, Mwesiga Laurent, Chris Landsberg, and International Peace Academy. From Cape to Congo: Southern Africa’s Evolving Security Challenges. Boulder, Colo: L. Rienner, 2003. Print.

Barltrop, Richard. Darfur and the International Community: The Challenges of Conflict Resolution in Sudan. New paperback edition. Vol. 41. London: I.B. Tauris, 2015. Print.

Barnes, Cedric, and Harun Hassan. ‘The Rise and Fall of Mogadishu’s Islamic Courts’. Journal of Eastern African Studies 1.2 (2007): 151–160. Web.

Barnett, Michael. Eyewitness to a Genocide : The United Nations and Rwanda. Cornell University Press, 2002. Web. <http://site.ebrary.com/lib/leicester/detail.action?docID=10559184>.

Barron, Thomas. ‘The Soldier and the State in the Congo Crisis: The Unprofessional Legacy of the National Congolese Army’. African Security 6.2 (2013): 97–132. Web.

Bauer, Gretchen, and Scott D. Taylor. Politics in Southern Africa: State and Society in Transition. Boulder, Colo: Lynne Rienner Publishers, 2005. Print.

---. Politics in Southern Africa: State and Society in Transition. Boulder, Colo: Lynne Rienner Publishers, 2005. Print.

Bayart, JF. ‘Africa in the World: A History of Extraversion’. African Affairs 99, (2000) n. pag. Print.

Becker, Uwe. The BRICs and Emerging Economies in Comparative Perspective: Political Economy, Liberalization and Institutional Change. Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge, 2013. Print.

Beresford, Alexander. ‘Africa Rising?’ Review of African Political Economy 43.147 (2016): 1–7. Web.

Berman, Eli. Radical, Religious, and Violent : The New Economics of Terrorism. MIT Press, 2009. Web. <http://site.ebrary.com/lib/leicester/detail.action?docID=10335355>.

Besada, Hany. Crafting an African Security Architecture: Addressing Regional Peace and Conflict in the 21st Century. The international political economy of new regionalisms series. Burlington, VT: Ashgate, 2010. Web. <http://site.ebrary.com/lib/leicester/Doc?id=10395016>.

---. Crafting an African Security Architecture: Addressing Regional Peace and Conflict in the 21st Century. The international political economy of new regionalisms series. Burlington, VT: Ashgate, 2010. Web. <http://site.ebrary.com/lib/leicester/Doc?id=10395016>.

‘Between Democracy and Federalism: Shari’ah in Northern Nigeria and the Paradox of Institutional Impetuses’. Africa Today 59.4 92–117. Web. <http://muse.jhu.edu.ezproxy3.lib.le.ac.uk/journals/africa_today/v059/59.4.bolaji.html>.

‘Between Maitatsine and Boko Haram: Islamic Fundamentalism and the Response of the Nigerian State’. Africa Today 57.4 98–119. Web. <http://muse.jhu.edu.ezproxy3.lib.le.ac.uk/journals/africa_today/v057/57.4.adesoji.html>.

‘Beware, the “Beijing Consensus” Is a Sinister One - Telegraph’. N.p., 4 Dec. 2015. Web. <http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/china/8243751/Beware-the-Beijing-Consensus-is-a-sinister-one.html>.

Birmingham, David. Empire in Africa: Angola and Its Neighbors. Research in International Studies, Africa Series. Athens, OH: Ohio University Press, 2006. Web. <https://ebookcentral-proquest-com.ezproxy4.lib.le.ac.uk/lib/leicester/detail.action?docID=1743675>.

Bischoff, Paul-Henri. ‘Pan-African Multilateralism: Transformative or Disconnected?’ Politikon 35.2 (2008): 177–195. Web.

Black, David R., and David J. Hornsby. ‘South Africa’s Bilateral Relationships in the Evolving Foreign Policy of an Emerging Middle Power’. Commonwealth & Comparative Politics 54.2 (2016): 151–160. Web.

‘Black Hawk down - University of Leicester’. N.p., n.d. Web. <http://librarysearch.le.ac.uk/primo_library/libweb/action/display.do?tabs=requestTab&ct=display&fn=search&doc=44UOLE_ALMA21102224230002746&indx=1&recIds=44UOLE_ALMA21102224230002746&recIdxs=0&elementId=0&renderMode=poppedOut&displayMode=full&frbrVersion=&frbg=&&dscnt=0&scp.scps=scope%3A%2844UOLE_DISSERTATIONS%29%2Cscope%3A%2844UOLE_DSPACE%29%2Cscope%3A%2844UOLE_CALM%29%2Cscope%3A%2844UOLE_ALMA%29%2Cscope%3A%2844UOLE_EXAM%29%2Cscope%3A%2844UOLE_CONTENTDM%29%2Cprimo_central_multiple_fe&mode=Basic&vid=44UOLE_VU1&srt=rank&tab=default_tab&vl(freeText0)=Black%20Hawk%20Down&dum=true&dstmp=1488283893799>.

Blood Diamond [DVD] [2007]. N.p. Print.

Bøås, Morten, and Liv Elin Torheim. ‘The Trouble in Mali—Corruption, Collusion, Resistance’. Third World Quarterly 34.7 (2013): 1279–1292. Web.

Bond, Patrick. Elite Transition: From Apartheid to Neoliberalism in South Africa. Revised&expanded edition. London, [England]: Pluto Press, 2014. Web. <http://site.ebrary.com/lib/leicester/Doc?id=10927994>.

Booth, Ken. Critical Security Studies and World Politics. Critical security studies. Boulder, Colo: Lynne Rienner, 2005. Print.

Booysen, Susan. ‘“Choice Between Malaria and Cholera” or “Democratic Façade”: The 2006 Elections in the Democratic Republic of Congo’. Politikon 34.1 (2007): 1–18. Web.

Bouilly, Emmanuelle, Ophélie Rillon, and Hannah Cross. ‘African Women’s Struggles in a Gender Perspective’. Review of African Political Economy 43.149 (2016): 338–349. Web.

Bowcott, Owen. ‘UN Accused of “gross Failure” over Alleged Sexual Abuse by French Troops | World News | The Guardian’. N.p., 17 Dec. 2015. Web. <http://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/dec/17/un-gross-failure-sexual-abuse-french-troops-central-african-republic>.

Bowland, Cayley, and Lisa Otto. ‘Implementing Development Corridors: Lessons from the MDC’. Web. <http://www.mcli.co.za/mcli-web/downloads/docs/PB54-MaputoCorridor.pdf>.

Brand, André, Hermanus Stephanus Geyer, and Hermanus Stephanus Geyer. ‘Corridor Development in Gauteng, South Africa’. GeoJournal (2015): n. pag. Web.

Brautigam, D., and S.-M. S. Ekman. ‘Briefing Rumours and Realities of Chinese Agricultural Engagement in Mozambique’. African Affairs 111.444 (2012): 483–492. Web.

---. ‘Briefing Rumours and Realities of Chinese Agricultural Engagement in Mozambique’. African Affairs 111.444 (2012): 483–492. Web.

Brautigam, Deborah. The Dragon’s Gift: The Real Story of China in Africa. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2011. Print.

Bräutigam, Deborah, and Tang Xiaoyang. ‘African Shenzhen: China’s Special Economic Zones in Africa’. The Journal of Modern African Studies 49.01 (2011): 27–54. Web.

---. ‘African Shenzhen: China’s Special Economic Zones in Africa’. The Journal of Modern African Studies 49.01 (2011): 27–54. Web.

Breen Smyth, Marie et al. ‘Critical Terrorism Studies–an Introduction’. Critical Studies on Terrorism 1.1 (2008): 1–4. Web.

---. ‘Critical Terrorism Studies–an Introduction’. Critical Studies on Terrorism 1.1 (2008): 1–4. Web.

Brosig, Malte. ‘Introduction: The African Security Regime Complex—Exploring Converging Actors and Policies’. African Security 6.3–4 (2013): 171–190. Web.

Brown, William. ‘Reconsidering the Aid Relationship: International Relations and Social Development’. The Round Table 98.402 (2009): 285–299. Web.

‘Building Alternatives BRICS by BRICS - Bretton Woods Project’. N.p., 5 Apr. 2012. Web. <http://www.brettonwoodsproject.org/2012/04/art-569947/>.

Burnet, J. E. ‘Gender Balance and the Meanings of Women in Governance in Post-Genocide Rwanda’. African Affairs 107.428 (2008): 361–386. Web.

---. ‘Gender Balance and the Meanings of Women in Governance in Post-Genocide Rwanda’. African Affairs 107.428 (2008): 361–386. Web.

Byiers, Bruce, and Jan Vanheukelom. ‘What Drives Regional Economic Integration: Lessons from the Maputo Development Corridor and North-South Corridor’. 1 Feb. 2014. Web. <http://www.mcli.co.za/mcli-web/downloads/docs/DP157_PERISA_Corridors.pdf>.

Calderisi, Robert. The Trouble with Africa: Why Foreign Aid Isn’t Working. New Haven, [Conn.]: Yale University Press, 2007. Web. <https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/leicester/detail.action?docID=4093145>.

Cameron, Hazel. ‘The French Connection: Complicity in the 1994 Genocide in Rwanda’. African Security 8.2 (2015): 96–119. Web.

Cammack, Paul. ‘The G20, the Crisis, and the Rise of Global Developmental Liberalism’. Third World Quarterly 33.1 (2012): 1–16. Web.

Campbell, John. ‘Is American Policy toward Sub-Saharan Africa Increasingly Militarized?’ American Foreign Policy Interests 35.6 (2013): 346–351. Web.

Campbell, Keith. ‘State Capitalism: Is It a Rival to Market Capitalism?’ N.p., 30 Mar. 2012. Web. <http://www.miningweekly.com/article/state-capitalism-is-it-a-rival-to-market-capitalism-2012-03-30>.

Carson, Johnnie. ‘The Obama Administration’s Africa Policy: The First Four Years, 2009–2013’. American Foreign Policy Interests 35.6 (2013): 317–324. Web.

Carter, Clare. ‘The Brutality of Corrective Rape - NYTimes.Com’. N.p., n.d. Web. <http://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2013/07/26/opinion/26corrective-rape.html>.

Castle, Gregory. Postcolonial Discourses: An Anthology. Oxford: Blackwell, 2001. Print.

---. Postcolonial Discourses: An Anthology. Oxford: Blackwell, 2001. Print.

---. Postcolonial Discourses: An Anthology. Oxford: Blackwell, 2001. Print.

‘Catching up; India in Africa’. The Economist 399.8 (2011): n. pag. Web. <http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?id=GALE|A257377744&v=2.1&u=leicester&it=r&p=&sw=w&asid=e0498996b906720114cc083a5536bae2>.

Celso, Anthony N. ‘The Islamic State and Boko Haram: Fifth Wave Jihadist Terror Groups’. Orbis 59.2 (2015): 249–268. Web.

Chafer, Tony. ‘The AU: A New Arena for Anglo-French Cooperation in Africa?’ The Journal of Modern African Studies 49.01 (2011): 55–82. Web.

Chari, Tendai. ‘Representation or Misrepresentation? The ’s Framing of the 1994 Rwanda Genocide’. African Identities 8.4 (2010): 333–349. Web.

Cheeseman, Nicholas. Democracy in Africa: Successes, Failures, and the Struggle for Political Reform. New approaches to African history. New York, NY, USA: Cambridge University Press, 2015. Print.

Cheeseman, Nicholas, David Anderson, and Andrea Scheibler. Routledge Handbook of African Politics. London: Routledge, 2013. Web. <http://lib.myilibrary.com.ezproxy3.lib.le.ac.uk/Open.aspx?id=463203>.

---. Routledge Handbook of African Politics. London: Routledge, 2013. Web. <http://lib.myilibrary.com.ezproxy3.lib.le.ac.uk/Open.aspx?id=463203>.

---. Routledge Handbook of African Politics. London: Routledge, 2013. Web. <http://lib.myilibrary.com.ezproxy3.lib.le.ac.uk/Open.aspx?id=463203>.

---. Routledge Handbook of African Politics. London: Routledge, 2013. Web. <http://lib.myilibrary.com.ezproxy3.lib.le.ac.uk/Open.aspx?id=463203>.

---. Routledge Handbook of African Politics. London: Routledge, 2013. Web. <http://lib.myilibrary.com.ezproxy3.lib.le.ac.uk/Open.aspx?id=463203>.

---. Routledge Handbook of African Politics. London: Routledge, 2013. Web. <http://lib.myilibrary.com.ezproxy3.lib.le.ac.uk/Open.aspx?id=463203>.

---. Routledge Handbook of African Politics. London: Routledge, 2013. Web. <http://le.alma.exlibrisgroup.com/view/action/uresolver.do?operation=resolveService&package_service_id=5662768690002746&institutionId=2746&customerId=2745>.

---. Routledge Handbook of African Politics. London: Routledge, 2013. Web. <http://lib.myilibrary.com.ezproxy3.lib.le.ac.uk/Open.aspx?id=463203>.

Chin, Gregory, and Ramesh Thakur. ‘Will China Change the Rules of Global Order?’ The Washington Quarterly 33.4 (2010): 119–138. Web.

‘China’s Xi Pledges $60bn for Development in Africa’. N.p., n.d. Web. <http://www.polity.org.za/article/chinas-xi-pledges-60bn-for-development-in-africa-2015-12-04>.

‘---’. N.p., n.d. Web. <http://www.polity.org.za/article/chinas-xi-pledges-60bn-for-development-in-africa-2015-12-04>.

‘Chinese Companies Take Part in Modernisation of Water Supply System in Maputo, Matola and Boane in Mozambique | Macauhub English’. N.p., n.d. Web. <http://www.macauhub.com.mo/en/2010/04/13/8898/>.

Chinua Achebe. Things Fall Apart. Penguin. Web. <https://ebookcentral-proquest-com.ezproxy3.lib.le.ac.uk/lib/leicester/detail.action?docID=3008290>.

Chizea, Bona, and Oarhe Osumah. ‘Two Sides of a Coin: Traditional Rulership and the Mitigation of Nonstate Security Threats in Nigeria’. African Security 8.2 (2015): 75–95. Web.

Christian, Patrick James. ‘Darfur—Ground Zero for Africa’s Crises of Identity: A Psychohistoriography of Tribes in Conflict’. African Security 6.1 (2013): 1–37. Web.

Christina Stolte. ‘Brazil in Africa: Seeking International Status, Not Resources’. Harvard International Review 34.4 (2013): n. pag. Web. <http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?id=GALE|A324249885&v=2.1&u=leicester&it=r&p=&sw=w&asid=5c9466d5fa82a26b07ac0b9c03d89129>.

Clark, John F. ‘A Constructivist Account of the Congo Wars’. African Security 4.3 (2011): 147–170. Web.

Clark, Phil. ‘Ethnicity, Leadership and Conflict Mediation in Eastern Democratic Republic of Congo: The Case of The’. Journal of Eastern African Studies 2.1 (2008): 1–17. Web.

Coleman, Katharina P. ‘Innovations in “African Solutions to African Problems”: The Evolving Practice of Regional Peacekeeping in Sub-Saharan Africa’. The Journal of Modern African Studies 49.04 (2011): 517–545. Web.

Collier, P., and A Hoefler. ‘Greed and Grievance in Civil War’. Oxford Economic Papers 56.4 (2004): 563–595. Web.

Collier, Paul. The Bottom Billion: Why the Poorest Countries Are Failing and What Can Be Done about It. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2007. Web. <http://le.alma.exlibrisgroup.com/view/action/uresolver.do?operation=resolveService&package_service_id=5662803890002746&institutionId=2746&customerId=2745>.

---. The Bottom Billion: Why the Poorest Countries Are Failing and What Can Be Done about It. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2007. Web. <http://le.alma.exlibrisgroup.com/view/action/uresolver.do?operation=resolveService&package_service_id=5663029610002746&institutionId=2746&customerId=2745>.

Comolli, Virginia. Boko Haram: Nigeria’s Islamic Insurgency. London: Hurst & Company, 2015. Print.

‘Constraining Government Power in Africa’. Journal of Democracy 22.1 96–106. Web. <http://muse.jhu.edu.ezproxy3.lib.le.ac.uk/journals/journal_of_democracy/v022/22.1.akech.html>.

‘---’. Journal of Democracy 22.1 96–106. Web. <http://muse.jhu.edu.ezproxy3.lib.le.ac.uk/journals/journal_of_democracy/v022/22.1.akech.html>.

Cooper, Frederick. Africa in the World: Capitalism, Empire, Nation-State. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 2014. Web. <http://site.ebrary.com/lib/leicester/Doc?id=10846209>.

Corbridge, Stuart. Development Studies: A Reader. London: Edward Arnold, 1995. Print.

Corkin, Lucy. ‘Uneasy Allies: China’s Evolving Relations with Angola’. Journal of Contemporary African Studies 29.2 (2011): 169–180. Web.

Corkin, Lucy, and Sanusha Naidu. ‘China & India in Africa: An Introduction’. Review of African Political Economy 35.115 (2008): 115–116. Web.

‘Côte d’Ivoire: Ethnic Turmoil and Foreign Intervention’. Africa Today 61.2 40–55. Web. <http://muse.jhu.edu.ezproxy3.lib.le.ac.uk/journals/africa_today/v061/61.2.el-khawas.html>.

Coulter, Chris. Bush Wives and Girl Soldiers : Women’s Lives Through War and Peace in Sierra Leone. Cornell University Press, 2009. Web. <http://site.ebrary.com/lib/leicester/detail.action?docID=10457647>.

Coulter, Chris. Bush Wives and Girl Soldiers: Women’s Lives through War and Peace in Sierra Leone. Cornell paperbacks. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2009. Web. <http://ezproxy.lib.le.ac.uk/login?url=http://site.ebrary.com/lib/leicester/Doc?id=10457647>.

Cowaloosur, Honita. ‘Land Grab in New Garb: Chinese Special Economic Zones in Africa’. African Identities 12.1 (2014): 94–109. Web.

Cowen, Michael P, and Liisa Laasko. Multi-Party Elections in Africa. Oxford: James Currey, 2001. Print.

Cox, Michael, and Doug Stokes. US Foreign Policy. 2nd ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2012. Print.

Crowder, Michael, Roland Oliver, and J. D Fage. The Cambridge History of Africa: Vol. 8: From C. 1940 to C. 1975. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1984. Web. <http://le.alma.exlibrisgroup.com/view/action/uresolver.do?operation=resolveService&package_service_id=5664740130002746&institutionId=2746&customerId=2745>.

Curtis, Devon.; Dzinesa. Peacebuilding, Power, and Politics in Africa. Athens, UNITED STATES: Ohio University Press, 2012. Web. <http://ezproxy.lib.le.ac.uk/login?url=http://site.ebrary.com/lib/leicester/detail.action?docID=10606570>.

‘Daily Chart: Jihadists in Africa: A Rising Tide | The Economist’. N.p., n.d. Web. <http://www.economist.com/blogs/graphicdetail/2015/07/daily-chart-jihadists-africa>.

Daley, Elizabeth, and Birgit Englert. ‘Securing Land Rights for Women’. Journal of Eastern African Studies 4.1 (2010): 91–113. Web.

Daley, Patricia. ‘The Burundi Peace Negotiations: An African Experience of Peace–Making’. Review of African Political Economy 34.112 (2007): 333–352. Web.

Dallaire, R. ‘The Lessons of Rwanda’. Refugee Survey Quarterly 23.4 (2004): 19–27. Web.

---. ‘The Lessons of Rwanda’. Refugee Survey Quarterly 23.4 (2004): 19–27. Web.

Dallaire, Roméo, and Brent Beardsley. Shake Hands with the Devil: The Failure of Humanity in Rwanda. London: Arrow, 2004. Print.

---. Shake Hands with the Devil: The Failure of Humanity in Rwanda. London: Arrow, 2004. Print.

Daniel Bach. Neopatrimonialism in Africa and beyond (Routledge Studies on African Politics and International Relations). Routledge, 2012. Web. <http://ezproxy.lib.le.ac.uk/login?url=http://lib.myilibrary.com?id=346173>.

David Killingray. Fighting for Britain: African Soldiers in the Second World War (0). Boydell & Brewer; Reprint edition, 19AD. Print.

Davis, John. The Barack Obama Presidency: A Two Year Assessment. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2011. Web. <http://ezproxy.lib.le.ac.uk/login?url=https://link.springer.com/book/10.1057/9780230370456>.

de Freitas Barbosa, Alexandre, Thais Narciso, and Marina Biancalana. ‘Brazil in Africa: Another Emerging Power in the Continent?’ Politikon 36.1 (2009): 59–86. Web.

de Jager, Nicola. ‘Liberation Movements in Power: Party & State in Southern Africa’. Politikon 41.1 (2014): 162–163. Web.

De Jager, Nicola, and P. van der P. Du Toit. Friend or Foe?: Dominant Party Systems in Southern Africa : Insights from the Developing World. Tokyo: United Nations University Press, 2013. Print.

De Medeiros Carvalho, Pedro Miguel Amakasu Raposo. ‘Japan’s Foreign Aid Policy to Angola and Mozambique’. Politikon 38.2 (2011): 315–342. Web.

de Orellana, P. ‘Struggles over Identity in Diplomacy: “Commie Terrorists” Contra “Imperialists” in Western Sahara’. International Relations 29.4 (2015): 477–499. Web.

De Waal, Alex. The Real Politics of the Horn of Africa: Money, War and the Business of Power. Cambridge, UK: Polity, 2015. Web. <http://ezproxy.lib.le.ac.uk/login?url=http://site.ebrary.com/lib/leicester/detail.action?docID=11115170>.

Death, C. ‘Leading by Example: South African Foreign Policy and Global Environmental Politics’. International Relations 25.4 (2011): 455–478. Web.

Deborah Brautigam. Will Africa Feed China? OUP USA, 2016. Web. <http://ezproxy.lib.le.ac.uk/login?url=http://lib.myilibrary.com?id=827807>.

Debos, M. ‘Fluid Loyalties in a Regional Crisis: Chadian “Ex-Liberators” in the Central African Republic’. African Affairs 107.427 (2008): 225–241. Web.

---. ‘Fluid Loyalties in a Regional Crisis: Chadian “Ex-Liberators” in the Central African Republic’. African Affairs 107.427 (2008): 225–241. Web.

Deegan, Heather. Politics South Africa. 2nd ed. Harlow: Pearson Longman, 2011. Print.

Degila, D. E. ‘Neopatrimonialism in Africa and Beyond’. African Affairs 113.453 (2014): 623–625. Web.

Dembinski, Matthias, and Berenike Schott. ‘Converging Around Global Norms? Protection of Civilians in African Union and European Union Peacekeeping in Africa’. African Security 6.3–4 (2013): 276–296. Web.

Desai, Vandana, and Robert B. Potter. The Companion to Development Studies. London: Arnold, 2008. Print.

Desmond Tutu, Archbishop. ‘South Africa, Africa and the World’. Conflict, Security & Development 4.2 (2004): 199–205. Web.

Deych, T. ‘BRICS as an Important Actor in Africa’. Insight on Africa 7.2 (2015): 169–185. Web.

Dizolele, Mvemba Phezo, and Pascal Kalume Kambale. ‘The DRC’s Crumbling Legitimacy’. Journal of Democracy 23.3 (2012): 109–120. Web.

Dodsworth, Susan, and Nic Cheeseman. ‘The Potential and Pitfalls of Collaborating with Development Organizations and Policy Makers in Africa’. African Affairs 117.466 (2018): 130–145. Web.

Durable Peace. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2004. Web. <http://ezproxy.lib.le.ac.uk/login?url=http://lib.myilibrary.com?id=202257>.

Dwyer, Maggie. Soldiers in Revolt: Army Mutinies in Africa. London: Hurst & Company, 2017. Print.

Easterly, William. The White Man’s Burden: Why the West’s Efforts to Aid the Rest Have Done so Much Ill and so Little Good. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2006. Print.

Eaton, D. ‘The Business of Peace: Raiding and Peace Work along the Kenya-Uganda Border (Part II)’. African Affairs 107.427 (2008): 243–259. Web.

Ebohon, Sylvanus I., and Emmanuel U. B. Ifeadi. ‘Managing the Problems of Public Order and Internal Security in Nigeria’. African Security 5.1 (2012): 1–23. Web.

‘ECOWAS and Regional Peacekeeping Integration in West Africa: Lessons for the Future’. Africa Today 57.2 3–24. Web. <http://muse.jhu.edu.ezproxy3.lib.le.ac.uk/journals/africa_today/v057/57.2.arthur.html>.

Edmonds, Martin, Greg Mills, and Terence McNamee. ‘Disarmament, Demobilization, and Reintegration and Local Ownership in the Great Lakes: The Experience of Rwanda, Burundi, and the Democratic Republic of Congo’. African Security 2.1 (2009): 29–58. Web.

Egiegba Agbiboa, Daniel. ‘Living in Fear: Religious Identity, Relative Deprivation and the Boko Haram Terrorism’. African Security 6.2 (2013): 153–170. Web.

Eke, Surulola James. ‘How and Why Boko Haram Blossomed: Examining the Fatal Consequences of Treating a Purposive Terrorist Organisation as Less So’. Defense & Security Analysis (2015): 1–11. Web.

Engel, Susan. ‘The Not-so-Great Aid Debate’. Third World Quarterly 35.8 (2014): 1374–1389. Web.

Engel, Ulf. ‘The African Union, the African Peace and Security Architecture, and Maritime Security’. African Security 7.3 (2014): 207–227. Web.

Engel, Ulf, and João Gomes Porto. ‘Imagining, Implementing, and Integrating the African Peace and Security Architecture: The African Union’s Challenges’. African Security 7.3 (2014): 135–146. Web.

---. ‘The African Union’s New Peace and Security Architecture: Toward an Evolving Security Regime?’ African Security 2.2–3 (2009): 82–96. Web.

Erlank, Natasha. ‘ANC Positions on Gender, 1994–2004’. Politikon 32.2 (2005): 195–215. Web.

‘Ethnicity and Electoral Politics in Ghana’s Fourth Republic’. Africa Today 56.2 45–73. Web. <http://muse.jhu.edu.ezproxy3.lib.le.ac.uk/journals/africa_today/v056/56.2.arthur.html>.

Fallon, Kathleen M. Democracy and the Rise of Women’s Movements in Sub-Saharan Africa. Johns Hopkins University Press, 2010. Web. <http://site.ebrary.com/lib/leicester/detail.action?docID=10376670>.

---. Democracy and the Rise of Women’s Movements in Sub-Saharan Africa. Johns Hopkins University Press, 2010. Web. <http://site.ebrary.com/lib/leicester/detail.action?docID=10376670>.

Felbab-Brown, Vanda, and James J. F. Forest. ‘Political Violence and the Illicit Economies of West Africa’. Terrorism and Political Violence 24.5 (2012): 787–806. Web.

Fetter, John. ‘Obama: Into Africa: Foreign Policy in Focus’. N.p., 14 Aug. 2014. Web. <http://fpif.org/obama-africa/>.

Fforde, Adam. Understanding Development Economics: Its Challenge to Development Studies. Economics as social theory. London: Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group, 2013. Print.

Fijałkowski, Łukasz. ‘China’s “Soft Power” in Africa?’ Journal of Contemporary African Studies 29.2 (2011): 223–232. Web.

Firsing, Scott. ‘Thinking through the Role of Africa’s Militaries in Peacekeeping: The Cases of Nigeria, Ethiopia and Rwanda’. South African Journal of International Affairs 21.1 (2014): 45–67. Web.

FISHER, JONATHAN, and DAVID M. ANDERSON. ‘Authoritarianism and the Securitization of Development in Africa’. International Affairs 91.1 (2015): 131–151. Web.

---. ‘Authoritarianism and the Securitization of Development in Africa’. International Affairs 91.1 (2015): 131–151. Web.

---. ‘Authoritarianism and the Securitization of Development in Africa’. International Affairs 91.1 (2015): 131–151. Web.

Frahm, Ole. ‘Making Borders and Identities in South Sudan’. Journal of Contemporary African Studies 33.2 (2015): 251–267. Web.

Frederick Cooper. Citizenship between Empire and Nation: Remaking France and French Africa, 1945-1960. Princeton University Press, 2014. Web. <http://ezproxy.lib.le.ac.uk/login?url=http://lib.myilibrary.com?id=617464>.

Fredrik Söderbaum and Ian Taylor. ‘Transmission Belt for Transnational Capital or Facilitator for Development? Problematising the Role of the State in the Maputo Development Corridor’. The Journal of Modern African Studies 39.4 (2001): 675–695. Web. <http://www.jstor.org.ezproxy3.lib.le.ac.uk/stable/3557345>.

Freedman, Jane and SpringerLink (Online service). Engaging Men in the Fight against Gender Violence: Case Studies from Africa. Ed. Jane Freedman. New York: Palgrave Macmillan US, 2012. Web. <https://link.springer.com/book/10.1057%2F9781137014740>.

Freistein, Katja, and Bettina Mahlert. ‘The Potential for Tackling Inequality in the Sustainable Development Goals’. Third World Quarterly 37.12 (2016): 2139–2155. Web.

Fuamba, David, Masako Yonekawa, and Annette Seegers. ‘Managing Spoilers in a Hybrid War: The Democratic Republic of Congo (1996–2010)’. Politikon 40.2 (2013): 319–338. Web.

Furley, Oliver. Conflict in Africa. London: Tauris Academic Studies, 1995. Print.

Gary A. Haugen. The Locust Effect: Why the End of Poverty Requires the End of Violence. Oxford University Press; Reprint edition, 2015. Web. <http://ezproxy.lib.le.ac.uk/login?url=http://lib.myilibrary.com?id=573594>.

Gaynor, Niamh. ‘Between Citizenship and Clientship: The Politics of Participatory Governance in Malawi’. Journal of Southern African Studies 36.4 (2010): 801–816. Web.

Gebrewold, Belachew. ‘Legitimate Regional Powers? A Failed Test for Ethiopia, Nigeria, and South Africa’. African Security 7.1 (2014): 1–23. Web.

---. ‘The Cynicism of "African Solutions for African Problems”’. African Security 3.2 (2010): 80–103. Web.

Gelot, Linnéa. Legitimacy, Peace Operations and Global-Regional Security: The African Union-United Nations Partnership in Darfur. Security and governance series. London: Routledge, 2012. Print.

---. Legitimacy, Peace Operations and Global-Regional Security: The African Union-United Nations Partnership in Darfur. Security and governance series. London: Routledge, 2012. Print.

---. Legitimacy, Peace Operations and Global-Regional Security: The African Union-United Nations Partnership in Darfur. Security and governance series. London: Routledge, 2012. Print.

Ghobadzdeh, Naser, and Shahram Akbarzadeh. ‘Sectarianism and the Prevalence of “Othering” in Islamic Thought’. Third World Quarterly 36.4 (2015): 691–704. Web.

---. ‘Sectarianism and the Prevalence of “Othering” in Islamic Thought’. Third World Quarterly 36.4 (2015): 691–704. Web.

Gilley, Bruce. ‘Chinua Achebe on the Positive Legacies of Colonialism’. African Affairs 115.461 (2016): 646–663. Web.

Giorgio Musso. ‘Electoral Politics and Religious Parties in Sudan: An Analysis of the April 2010 Election’. African Conflict and Peacebuilding Review 2.1 (2012): 58–86. Web. <http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.2979/africonfpeacrevi.2.1.58?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents>.

Giroux, Jennifer, David Lanz, and Damiano Sguaitamatti. ‘The Tormented Triangle: The Regionalisation of Conflict in Sudan, Chad, and the Central African Republic’. n. pag. Web. <http://eprints.lse.ac.uk/28497/>.

Gisselquist, Rachel M. ‘Varieties of Fragility: Implications for Aid’. Third World Quarterly 36.7 (2015): 1269–1280. Web.

‘Globalization and Marginalization of Africa: Contextualization of China–Africa Relations’. Africa Today 58.1 102–124. Web. <http://muse.jhu.edu.ezproxy3.lib.le.ac.uk/journals/africa_today/v058/58.1.edoho.html>.

Gomes Porto, João, and Kapinga Yvette Ngandu. ‘The African Union, Preventive Diplomacy, Mediation, and the Panel of the Wise: Review and Reflection on the Panel’s First Six Years’. African Security 7.3 (2014): 181–206. Web.

Gonzales, Prizgar. China/Africa & the 21st Century. [Charleston (S.C.)]: [CreateSpace Independent Publishing], 2014. Print.

Gore, Charles. ‘The Rise and Fall of the Washington Consensus as a Paradigm for Developing Countries’. World Development 28.5 (2000): 789–804. Web.

Gourevitch, Philip. We Wish to Inform You That Tomorrow We Will Be Killed with Our Families: Stories from Rwanda. London: Picador, 1999. Print.

Gouws, Amanda. ‘Women’s Activism around Gender-Based Violence in South Africa: Recognition, Redistribution and Representation’. Review of African Political Economy 43.149 (2016): 400–415. Web.

Gouws, Amanda, and Hennie Kotzé. ‘Women in Leadership Positions in South Africa: The Role of Values’. Politikon 34.2 (2007): 165–185. Web.

Gqola, Pumla Dineo. ‘How the “Cult of Femininity” and Violent Masculinities Support Endemic Gender Based Violence in Contemporary South Africa’. African Identities 5.1 (2007): 111–124. Web.

Graham Harrison. Neoliberal Africa. Zed Books, 2010. Web. <http://le.alma.exlibrisgroup.com/view/action/uresolver.do?operation=resolveService&package_service_id=5663027720002746&institutionId=2746&customerId=2745>.

Griffith, Todd B. Nigeria: Instability, Implications, and U.S. Policy. African political, economic, and security issues. New York: Nova Science Publishers, 2014. Web. <http://site.ebrary.com/lib/leicester/Doc?id=10812502>.

Grinker, Roy R, Stephen C. Lubkemann, and Christopher Burghard Steiner. Perspectives on Africa: A Reader in Culture, History, and Representation. 2nd ed. Global perspectives. Chichester, West Sussex: Wiley-Blackwell, 2010. Print.

---. Perspectives on Africa: A Reader in Culture, History, and Representation. 2nd ed. Global perspectives. Chichester, West Sussex: Wiley-Blackwell, 2010. Print.

---. Perspectives on Africa: A Reader in Culture, History, and Representation. 2nd ed. Global perspectives. Chichester, West Sussex: Wiley-Blackwell, 2010. Print.

---. Perspectives on Africa: A Reader in Culture, History, and Representation. 2nd ed. Global perspectives. Chichester, West Sussex: Wiley-Blackwell, 2010. Print.

---. Perspectives on Africa: A Reader in Culture, History, and Representation. 2nd ed. Global perspectives. Chichester, West Sussex: Wiley-Blackwell, 2010. Print.

---. Perspectives on Africa: A Reader in Culture, History, and Representation. 2nd ed. Global perspectives. Chichester, West Sussex: Wiley-Blackwell, 2010. Print.

---. Perspectives on Africa: A Reader in Culture, History, and Representation. 2nd ed. Global perspectives. Chichester, West Sussex: Wiley-Blackwell, 2010. Print.

---. Perspectives on Africa: A Reader in Culture, History, and Representation. 2nd ed. Global perspectives. Chichester, West Sussex: Wiley-Blackwell, 2010. Print.

---. Perspectives on Africa: A Reader in Culture, History, and Representation. 2nd ed. Global perspectives. Chichester, West Sussex: Wiley-Blackwell, 2010. Print.

Grove, Andrea. ‘The International Politics of Survival: The Case of Mugabe’s Staying Power’. Politikon 38.2 (2011): 275–294. Web.

Gruffydd Jones, Branwen. ‘From Rupture to Revolution: Race, Culture and the Practice of Anti-Colonial Thought’. African Identities 13.1 (2015): 4–17. Web.

Gutteridge, William, and J. E. Spence. Violence in Southern Africa. Cass series on political violence. London: Frank Cass, 1997. Print.

Gyimah-Boadi, E., and H. Kwasi Prempeh. ‘Oil, Politics, and Ghana’s Democracy’. Journal of Democracy 23.3 (2012): 94–108. Web.

H Solomon. ‘Somalia’s Al Shabaab: Clans vs Islamist Nationalism’. N.p., n.d. Web. <http://www.tandfonline.com.ezproxy3.lib.le.ac.uk/doi/pdf/10.1080/10220461.2014.967286>.

Habib, Adam. ‘South Africa’s Foreign Policy: Hegemonic Aspirations, Neoliberal Orientations and Global Transformation’. South African Journal of International Affairs 16.2 (2009): 143–159. Web.

Halper, Stefan. Beijing Consensus, The : Legitimizing Authoritarianism in Our Time. N.p. Web. <http://lib.myilibrary.com.ezproxy3.lib.le.ac.uk/Open.aspx?id=274454>.

Hamill, J. ‘From Realism to Complex Interdependence? South Africa, Southern Africa and the Question of Security’. International Relations 14.3 (1998): 1–30. Web.

Hamill, J., and D. Lee. ‘A Middle Power Paradox? South African Diplomacy in the Post-Apartheid Era’. International Relations 15.4 (2001): 33–59. Web.

Hamill, James. ‘A (Qualified) Reaffirmation of ANC Hegemony: Assessing South Africa’s 2009 Election’. Politikon 37.1 (2010): 3–23. Web.

---. Africa’s Lost Leader: South Africa’s Continental Role since Apartheid. London: Routledge, 2018. Print.

---. Africa’s Lost Leader: South Africa’s Continental Role since Apartheid. London: Routledge, 2018. Print.

---. ‘South Africa in Africa: The Dilemmas of Multi-Lateralsim’. The New Multi-Lateralism in South African Diplomacy. Palgrave-Macmillan, 2006. Web. <http://lib.myilibrary.com.ezproxy4.lib.le.ac.uk/Open.aspx?id=82555>.

Hamill, James, and John Hoffman. ‘“Quiet Diplomacy” or Appeasement? South African Policy towards Zimbabwe’. The Round Table 98.402 (2009): 373–384. Web.

---. ‘“Quiet Diplomacy” or Appeasement? South African Policy towards Zimbabwe’. The Round Table 98.402 (2009): 373–384. Web.

Hargreaves, John D. Decolonization in Africa. 2nd ed. The Postwar world. London: Longman, 1996. Web. <https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/leicester/detail.action?docID=1757018>.

HARMAN, SOPHIE, and DAVID WILLIAMS. ‘International Development in Transition’. International Affairs 90.4 (2014): 925–941. Web.

Harper, Mary. Getting Somalia Wrong?: Faith, War and Hope in a Shattered State. London: Zed Books, 2012. Web. <http://ezproxy.lib.le.ac.uk/login?url=http://site.ebrary.com/lib/leicester/detail.action?docID=10532060>.

Harrison, Graham. ‘Neoliberal Africa: The Impact of Global Social Engineering, Harrison’. N.p., n.d. Web. <http://press.uchicago.edu/ucp/books/book/distributed/N/bo20850944.html>.

Harry Verhoeven. ‘The Self-Fulfilling Prophecy of Failed States: Somalia, State Collapse and the Global War on Terror’. Journal of Eastern African Studies 3.3 (2009): 405–425. Web. <http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/17531050903273719>.

Hassim, Shireen. ‘Violent Modernity: Gender, Race and Bodies in Contemporary South African Politics’. Politikon 41.2 (2014): 167–182. Web.

---. ‘Violent Modernity: Gender, Race and Bodies in Contemporary South African Politics’. Politikon 41.2 (2014): 167–182. Web.

Hawley, John C., and John C Hawley. India in Africa, Africa in India : Indian Ocean Cosmopolitanisms. [Place of publication not identified]: Indiana University Press, 2008. Web. <https://ebookcentral-proquest-com.ezproxy4.lib.le.ac.uk/lib/leicester/detail.action?docID=455797>.

Heath-Kelly, Charlotte, Christopher Baker-Beall, and Lee Jarvis. ‘Editors’ Introduction: Neoliberalism and/as Terror’. Critical Studies on Terrorism 8.1 (2015): 1–14. Web.

Hentz, James J. ‘National and Human Security in Sub-Sahara Africa’. Orbis 54.4 (2010): 630–643. Web.

Hilary, J. ‘Africa: Dead Aid and the Return of Neoliberalism’. Race & Class 52.2 (2010): 79–84. Web.

Hill, Geoff, 1956-. The Battle for Zimbabwe: The Final Countdown. Cape Town: Zebra Press, 2003. Print.

‘Hisbah and Sharia Law Enforcement in Metropolitan Kano’. Africa Today 57.4 70–96. Web. <http://muse.jhu.edu.ezproxy3.lib.le.ac.uk/journals/africa_today/v057/57.4.olaniyi.html>.

Hooper, Charlotte. Manly States: Masculinities, International Relations, and Gender Politics. New York, N.Y.: Columbia University Press, 2001. Print.

Horowitz, Donald L. Ethnic Groups in Conflict. 2nd ed. Berkeley, Calif: University of California Press, 2000. Print.

‘Hotel Rwanda - University of Leicester’. N.p., n.d. Web. <http://librarysearch.le.ac.uk/primo_library/libweb/action/display.do?tabs=requestTab&ct=display&fn=search&doc=44UOLE_ALMA2195414030002746&indx=1&recIds=44UOLE_ALMA2195414030002746&recIdxs=0&elementId=0&renderMode=poppedOut&displayMode=full&frbrVersion=&frbg=&&dscnt=0&scp.scps=scope%3A%2844UOLE_DISSERTATIONS%29%2Cscope%3A%2844UOLE_DSPACE%29%2Cscope%3A%2844UOLE_CALM%29%2Cscope%3A%2844UOLE_ALMA%29%2Cscope%3A%2844UOLE_EXAM%29%2Cscope%3A%2844UOLE_CONTENTDM%29%2Cprimo_central_multiple_fe&mode=Basic&vid=44UOLE_VU1&srt=rank&tab=default_tab&vl(freeText0)=Hotel%20Rwanda&dum=true&dstmp=1488283395554>.

Hout, Wil. ‘The Anti-Politics of Development: Donor Agencies and the Political Economy of Governance’. Third World Quarterly 33.3 (2012): 405–422. Web.

‘How Different Is His Policy? Barack Obama and Africa’. The Economist 392.8 (2009): n. pag. Web. <http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?id=GALE|A203743723&v=2.1&u=leicester&it=r&p=&sw=w&asid=bf45eb4c7c9bae0bc6926a97276fac4d>.

‘How Somaliaâ��s Al-Shabab Militants Hone Their Image - BBC News’. N.p., n.d. Web. <http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-27633367>.

Howard W. French. China’s Second Continent: How a Million Migrants Are Building a New Empire in Africa. Vintage; Reprint edition, 2015. Web. <http://ezproxy.lib.le.ac.uk/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&scope=site&db=nlebk&db=nlabk&AN=749723>.

Hubbard, R. Glenn, and William R. Duggan. The Aid Trap: Hard Truths about Ending Poverty. New York: Columbia Business School Pub, 2009. Web. <http://site.ebrary.com/lib/leicester/Doc?id=10387033>.

Huckabey, Jessica M. ‘Al Qaeda in Mali: The Defection Connections’. Orbis 57.3 (2013): 467–484. Web.

Hultin, Niklas. ‘Repositioning the Front Lines? Reflections on the Ethnography of African Securityscapes’. African Security 3.2 (2010): 104–125. Web.

---. ‘Repositioning the Front Lines? Reflections on the Ethnography of African Securityscapes’. African Security 3.2 (2010): 104–125. Web.

Hunt, Jennifer. ‘America and the World. Conversations on the Future of American Foreign Policy’. Politikon 38.3 (2011): 460–462. Web.

Hutton, Lauren. ‘Internal and External Dilemmas of Peacebuilding in Africa_01_2014_Lauren Hutton CRU.Pdf’. 1 Jan. 2014. Web. <http://www.clingendael.nl/sites/default/files/Internal%20and%20external%20dilemmas%20of%20peacebuilding%20in%20Africa_01_2014_Lauren%20Hutton%20CRU.pdf>.

Hyden, Goran. ‘Rethinking Justice and Institutions in African Peacebuilding’. Third World Quarterly 36.5 (2015): 1007–1022. Web.

Hydň, Gr̲an. African Politics in Comparative Perspective. 2nd ed. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2013. Web. <http://ezproxy.lib.le.ac.uk/login?url=http://site.ebrary.com/lib/leicester/detail.action?docID=10618570>.

---. African Politics in Comparative Perspective. 2nd ed. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2013. Web. <http://ezproxy.lib.le.ac.uk/login?url=http://site.ebrary.com/lib/leicester/detail.action?docID=10618570>.

‘Imperial Presidency and Democratic Consolidation in Nigeria’. Africa Today 59.1 43–68. Web. <http://muse.jhu.edu.ezproxy3.lib.le.ac.uk/journals/africa_today/v059/59.1.isumonah.html>.

‘India Chooses Private Banker to Head Brics Bank | Asia-Pacific | BDlive’. N.p., 11 May 2015. Web. <http://www.bdlive.co.za/world/asia/2015/05/11/india-chooses-private-banker-to-head-brics-bank>.

‘India in Africa’. Economic and Political Weekly 44.51 n. pag. Web. <http://www.jstor.org/stable/25663903?pq-origsite=summon&seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents>.

Ingelaere, B. ‘Peasants, Power and Ethnicity: A Bottom-up Perspective on Rwanda’s Political Transition’. African Affairs 109.435 (2010): 273–292. Web.

---. ‘Peasants, Power and Ethnicity: A Bottom-up Perspective on Rwanda’s Political Transition’. African Affairs 109.435 (2010): 273–292. Web.

Ingiriis, Mohamed H., and Markus V. Hoehne. ‘The Impact of Civil War and State Collapse on the Roles of Somali Women: A Blessing in Disguise’. Journal of Eastern African Studies 7.2 (2013): 314–333. Web.

‘Introduction: Postliberation Eritrea’. Africa Today 60.2 v–xix. Web. <http://muse.jhu.edu.ezproxy3.lib.le.ac.uk/journals/africa_today/v060/60.2.woldemikael.html>.

‘Investments In Maputo Corridor, Mozambique, Exceed US$5 Billion, | Macauhub English’. N.p., n.d. Web. <http://www.macauhub.com.mo/en/?s=Investments+in+Maputo+Corridor%2C+Mozambique%2C+exceed+US$5+billion%2C>.

‘Is President Buhari Correct That Boko Haram Are Not Holding Any Territory in Nigeria?’ N.p., n.d. Web. <http://www.polity.org.za/article/is-president-buhari-correct-that-boko-haram-are-not-holding-any-territory-in-nigeria-2016-02-01>.

Iyekekpolo, Wisdom Oghosa. ‘Boko Haram: Understanding the Context’. Third World Quarterly 37.12 (2016): 2211–2228. Web.

Jarstad, Anna K., and Kristine Höglund. ‘Local Violence and Politics in KwaZulu-Natal: Perceptions of Agency in a Post-Conflict Society’. Third World Quarterly 36.5 (2015): 967–984. Web.

Jeffrey Gettleman. ‘The Most Dangerous Place in The World’. Foreign Policy 171 (2009): 60–69. Web. <http://www.jstor.org/stable/20684851?pq-origsite=summon&seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents>.

Jeng, Abou. Peacebuilding in the African Union: Law, Philosophy and Practice. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2012. Print.

---. Peacebuilding in the African Union: Law, Philosophy and Practice. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2012. Print.

Jennifer L. Parenti. ‘China-Africa Relations in the 21st Century’. Joint Force Quarterly 2009.2009 (2009): n. pag. Web. <http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?id=GALE|A193510880&v=2.1&u=leicester&it=r&p=&sw=w&asid=dd6a7d54b53acb82753f14b3bfe5cf82>.

Jerven, Morten. Africa: Why Economists Get It Wrong. African arguments. London: Zed Books, 2015. Web. <http://le.alma.exlibrisgroup.com/view/action/uresolver.do?operation=resolveService&package_service_id=5662803900002746&institutionId=2746&customerId=2745>.

Jones, Sam et al. ‘Aid, Growth and Employment in Africa’. African Development Review 27.S1 (2015): 1–4. Web.

Jones, Sam, and Finn Tarp. ‘Priorities for Boosting Employment in Sub-Saharan Africa: Evidence for Mozambique’. African Development Review 27.S1 (2015): 56–70. Web.

Jordaan, Eduard. ‘The Concept of a Middle Power in International Relations: Distinguishing between Emerging and Traditional Middle Powers’. Politikon 30.1 (2003): 165–181. Web.

Joseph Hanlon and Teresa Smart. Do Bicycles Equal Development in Mozambique? James Currey; Reissue edition, 2010. Web. <http://ezproxy.lib.le.ac.uk/login?url=http://lib.myilibrary.com?id=262118>.

---. Do Bicycles Equal Development in Mozambique? James Currey; Reissue edition, 2010. Web. <http://ezproxy.lib.le.ac.uk/login?url=http://lib.myilibrary.com?id=262118>.

Joseph, Richard. ‘Growth, Security, and Democracy in Africa’. Journal of Democracy 25.4 (2014): 61–75. Web.

Joseph, Richard A., and Alexandra Gillies. Smart Aid for African Development. Boulder, Colo: Lynne Rienner, 2008. Print.

Jourdan, Paul. ‘Spatial Development Initiatives (SDIs) ‐ the Official View’. Development Southern Africa 15.5 (1998): 717–725. Web.

Julie Flint. Darfur. London: Zed Books, 2008. Web. <https://ebookcentral-proquest-com.ezproxy4.lib.le.ac.uk/lib/leicester/detail.action?docID=368679>.

Kagwanja, Peter. ‘Counter-Terrorism in the Horn of Africa: New Security Frontiers, Old Strategies’. African Security Review 15.3 (2006): 72–86. Web.

Kahn, Michael. ‘The Fall of the Wall, the Rise of the BRICs and the New Scramble for Africa’. Foresight 13.3 (2011): 38–49. Web.

Kaldor, Mary. New and Old Wars. 3rd ed. Cambridge: Polity Press, 2012. Print.

---. New and Old Wars. 3rd ed. Cambridge: Polity Press, 2012. Print.

Kapoor, Ilan. The Postcolonial Politics of Development. Postcolonial politics. Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge, 2008. Web. <http://le.alma.exlibrisgroup.com/view/action/uresolver.do?operation=resolveService&package_service_id=5662769680002746&institutionId=2746&customerId=2745>.

Karlsrud, John. ‘The UN at War: Examining the Consequences of Peace-Enforcement Mandates for the UN Peacekeeping Operations in the CAR, the DRC and Mali’. Third World Quarterly 36.1 (2015): 40–54. Web.

Kayuni, Happy, and Richard Tambulasi. ‘Big Brother or Big Opportunist? South Africa’s Enthusiasm for a Multifaceted Relationship with the Rest of Africa’. Africa Review 4.1 (2012): 17–32. Web.

Keenan, Jeremy H. ‘Africa Unsecured? The Role of the Global War on Terror (GWOT) in Securing US Imperial Interests in Africa’. Critical Studies on Terrorism 3.1 (2010): 27–47. Web.

Keller, Edmond J. ‘Meeting the Challenges of Strategic and Human Security Interests in US–Africa Relations, or the Orphaning of “Soft Power”?’ Africa Review 4.1 (2012): 1–16. Web.

Kennedy, Scott. ‘The Myth of the Beijing Consensus’. Journal of Contemporary China 19.65 (2010): 461–477. Web.

---. ‘The Myth of the Beijing Consensus’. Journal of Contemporary China 19.65 (2010): 461–477. Web.

‘Kenya, the United States, and Counterterrorism’. Africa Today 57.4 2–27. Web. <http://muse.jhu.edu.ezproxy3.lib.le.ac.uk/journals/africa_today/v057/57.4.prestholdt.html>.

Khadiagala, Gilbert M. ‘Road Maps in Resolving African Conflicts: Pathways to Peace or Cul de Sacs?’ African Security 7.3 (2014): 163–180. Web.

Kinzer, Stephen. A Thousand Hills: Rwandas Re-Birth and the Man Who Dreamed It. Wiley, 2008. Web. <http://ezproxy.lib.le.ac.uk/login?url=http://site.ebrary.com/lib/leicester/detail.action?docID=10313721>.

---. A Thousand Hills: Rwandas Re-Birth and the Man Who Dreamed It. Wiley, 2008. Web. <http://ezproxy.lib.le.ac.uk/login?url=http://site.ebrary.com/lib/leicester/detail.action?docID=10313721>.

Klein, Naomi. The Shock Doctrine: The Rise of Disaster Capitalism. 1st ed. New York: Metropolitan Books, 2007. Print.

Kleynhans, Ewert PJ, Willem A Naude´, and Stefanus J van der Merwe. ‘Spatial Economic Development in South Africa: An Overview and Evaluation of the Platinum Spatial Development Initiative’. Development Southern Africa 20.5 (2003): 617–631. Web.

Kopiński, Dominik, Andrzej Polus, and Ian Taylor. ‘Contextualising Chinese Engagement in Africa’. Journal of Contemporary African Studies 29.2 (2011): 129–136. Web.

Krueger, Robert, and Kathleen Tobin Krueger. From Bloodshed to Hope in Burundi : Our Embassy Years during Genocide. Focus on American history series From bloodshed to hope in Burundi. [Place of publication not identified]: University of Texas Press, 2007. Web. <https://ebookcentral-proquest-com.ezproxy4.lib.le.ac.uk/lib/leicester/detail.action?docID=3571703>.

Kurtulus, Ersun N. ‘Exploring the Paradoxical Consequences of State Collapse: The Cases of Somalia 1991–2006 and Lebanon 1975–82’. Third World Quarterly 33.7 (2012): 1285–1303. Web.

---. ‘Exploring the Paradoxical Consequences of State Collapse: The Cases of Somalia 1991–2006 and Lebanon 1975–82’. Third World Quarterly 33.7 (2012): 1285–1303. Web.

Laher, Yumna. ‘Pageant Politics: Framing Gendered Images of Women in Leadership’. Politikon 41.1 (2014): 103–120. Web.

Lalbahadur, Aditi. ‘Economic Statecraft in South Africa’s Regional Diplomacy’. South African Journal of International Affairs 23.2 (2016): 135–149. Web.

Lancaster, Carol. ‘Democratisation in Sub‐Saharan Africa’. Survival 35.3 (1993): 38–50. Web.

Large, D. ‘Beyond “Dragon in the Bush”: The Study of China Africa Relations’. African Affairs 107.426 (2007): 45–61. Web.

‘Late but Not Empty-Handed; Barack Obama in Africa’. The Economist 407.8 (2013): n. pag. Web. <http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?id=GALE|A334461699&v=2.1&u=leicester&it=r&p=&sw=w&asid=01b2ee64c16967a27e4ec9f2d5fde467>.

Laville, Sandra. ‘UN Troops “abused at Least Eight Women and Girls” in Central African Republic | World News | The Guardian’. N.p., 4 Feb. 2016. Web. <http://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/feb/04/un-troops-abused-least-eight-females-central-african-republic>.

Lee, Donna, Ian Taylor, and Paul D. Williams. The New Multilateralism in South African Diplomacy. Studies in diplomacy and international relations. Houndmills, Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2006. Web. <http://le.alma.exlibrisgroup.com/view/action/uresolver.do?operation=resolveService&package_service_id=5663029260002746&institutionId=2746&customerId=2745>.

Lemarchand, R. ‘Consociationalism and Power Sharing in Africa: Rwanda, Burundi, and the Democratic Republic of the Congo’. African Affairs 106.422 (2006): 1–20. Web.

Lemke, Douglas. ‘Intra-National IR in Africa’. Review of International Studies Volume 37/1 (January) n. pag. Web. <http://journals.cambridge.org.ezproxy4.lib.le.ac.uk/action/displayFulltext?type=1&fid=7939181&jid=RIS&volumeId=37&issueId=01&aid=7939179&bodyId=&membershipNumber=&societyETOCSession=>.

Lewis, I. M. Understanding Somalia and Somaliland: Culture, History, Society. London: Hurst, 2008. Print.

Lewis, Peter, and Darren Kew. ‘Nigeria’s Hopeful Election’. Journal of Democracy 26.3 (2015): 94–109. Web.

Lie, Jon Harald Sande. ‘Developmentality: Indirect Governance in the World Bank–Uganda Partnership’. Third World Quarterly 36.4 (2015): 723–740. Web.

Limb, Peter. ‘The Empire Writes Back: African Challenges to the Brutish (South African) Empire in the Early 20th Century’. Journal of Southern African Studies 41.3 (2015): 599–616. Web.

Lopez-Lucia, E. ‘Regional Powers and Regional Security Governance: An Interpretive Perspective on the Policies of Nigeria and Brazil’. International Relations 29.3 (2015): 348–362. Web.

‘Love and Sex in Islamic Africa: Introduction’. Africa Today 61.4 1–10. Web. <http://muse.jhu.edu.ezproxy3.lib.le.ac.uk/journals/africa_today/v061/61.4.decker01.html>.

Maathai, Wangari. The Challenge for Africa. London: Arrow, 2010. Print.

Macdonald, Geoffrey. ‘Racial Politics and Campaign Strategy in South Africa’s 2009 Election’. Politikon 42.2 (2015): 155–176. Web.

MacLeod, Lucy S. Thomson, Olivia C. New Terrorism Issues : Cur000000. Nova, 2009. Web. <http://site.ebrary.com/lib/leicester/detail.action?docID=10681050>.

Major, Laura, and Joost Fontein. ‘Corporealities of Violence in Southern and Eastern Africa’. Critical African Studies 7.2 (2015): 89–98. Web.

Makinda, Samuel M., and F. Wafula Okumu. The African Union: Challenges of Globalization, Security, and Governance. Routledge global institutions. New York, NY: Routledge, 2007. Web. <http://site.ebrary.com/lib/leicester/Doc?id=10205500>.

---. The African Union: Challenges of Globalization, Security, and Governance. Routledge global institutions. New York, NY: Routledge, 2007. Web. <http://site.ebrary.com/lib/leicester/Doc?id=10205500>.

Malalo, H. ‘Kenya Says It Has Killed Al-Shabaab Commander | African News | BDlive’. N.p., 19 Feb. 2016. Web. <http://www.bdlive.co.za/africa/africannews/2016/02/19/kenya-says-it-has-killed-al-shabaab-commander>.

Mangala, Jack, Jack Mangala, and SpringerLink (Online service). New Security Threats and Crises in Africa: Regional and International Perspectives. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2010. Web. <http://le.alma.exlibrisgroup.com/view/action/uresolver.do?operation=resolveService&package_service_id=5664608240002746&institutionId=2746&customerId=2745>.

Manji, Ambreena. ‘Bulldozers, Homes and Highways: Nairobi and the Right to the City’. Review of African Political Economy 42.144 (2015): 206–224. Web.

‘Map 1: Spatial Development Initiatives in South Africa’. Development Southern Africa 15.5 (1998): 5–5. Web.

‘Maputo Development Corridor Is a Success Story’. N.p., n.d. Web. <http://www.macauhub.com.mo/en/2015/06/05/maputo-development-corridor-is-a-success-story/>.

‘Maputo Development Corridor Is A Success Story | Macauhub English’. N.p., n.d. Web. <http://www.macauhub.com.mo/en/?s=Maputo+Development+corridor+is+a+success+story>.

‘Maputo Development Corridor Refinances Debt | Macauhub English’. N.p., n.d. Web. <http://www.macauhub.com.mo/en/?s=maputo+development+corridor+refinances+debt>.

Margaret McMillan, Karen Horn Welch, Dani Rodrik, Ibrahim Elbadawi and Stephen O’Connell. ‘When Economic Reform Goes Wrong: Cashew in Mozambique [with Comments and Discussion]’. Brookings Trade Forum (2003): 97–165. Web. <http://www.jstor.org/stable/25063181?pq-origsite=summon&seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents>.

Martin, Phyllis M, and Patrick O’Meara. Africa. 3rd ed. Indiana University Press, 1995. Print.

Marton, Péter, and Tamás Matura. ‘The “Voracious Dragon”, the “Scramble” and the “Honey Pot”: Conceptions of Conflict over Africa’s Natural Resources’. Journal of Contemporary African Studies 29.2 (2011): 155–167. Web.

Mathis, Sarah M. ‘Disobedient Daughters? Changing Women’s Roles in Rural Households in KwaZulu-Natal’. Journal of Southern African Studies 37.4 (2011): 831–848. Web.

Matthew LeRiche. South Sudan: From Revolution to Independence. C Hurst & Co Publishers Ltd, 27AD. Web. <http://ezproxy.lib.le.ac.uk/login?url=http://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/leicester/detail.action?docID=1912514>.

McAuslan, Patrick. ‘Personal Reflections on Drafting Laws to Improve Women’s Access to Land: Is There a Magic Wand?’ Journal of Eastern African Studies 4.1 (2010): 114–130. Web.

McCaskie, T. C. ‘The United States, Ghana and Oil: Global and Local Perspectives’. African Affairs 107.428 (2008): 313–332. Web.

‘MCLI - Library’. N.p., n.d. Web. <http://www.mcli.co.za/mcli-web/downloads/downloads.htm>.

Medani, Khalid Mustafa. ‘Strife and Secession in Sudan’. Journal of Democracy 22.3 (2011): 135–149. Web.

---. ‘The Horn of Africa in the Shadow of the Cold War: Understanding the Partition of Sudan from a Regional Perspective’. The Journal of North African Studies 17.2 (2012): 275–294. Web.

Médard, Henri. ‘Building and Transgressing Borders in the Great Lakes Region of East Africa’. Journal of Eastern African Studies 3.2 (2009): 275–283. Web.

---. ‘Building and Transgressing Borders in the Great Lakes Region of East Africa’. Journal of Eastern African Studies 3.2 (2009): 275–283. Web.

---. ‘Building and Transgressing Borders in the Great Lakes Region of East Africa’. Journal of Eastern African Studies 3.2 (2009): 275–283. Web.

Meger, Sara. ‘The Failure of Democracy in the Republic of Congo’. Journal of Contemporary African Studies 29.2 (2011): 235–237. Web.

Mehler, A. ‘Peace and Power Sharing in Africa: A Not So Obvious Relationship’. African Affairs 108.432 (2009): 453–473. Web.

Mehler, Andreas. ‘Rebels and Parties: The Impact of Armed Insurgency on Representation in the Central African Republic’. The Journal of Modern African Studies 49.01 (2011): 115–139. Web.

Melber, Henning. ‘Post-Liberation Democratic Authoritarianism: The Case of Namibia’. Politikon 42.1 (2015): 45–66. Web.

Mendes, Cristiano. ‘Virtuous War: Mapping the Military-Industrial Media-Entertainment Network’. Politikon 38.3 (2011): 469–470. Web.

MEREDITH, THOMAS C. ‘The Challenge for Africa: A New Vision by Wangari Maathai’. Canadian Geographer / Le Géographe canadien 55.3 (2011): 391–392. Web.

Meyer, Gabriel, and James Nicholls. War and Faith in Sudan. Grand Rapids, Mich: William B. Eerdmans Publishing, 2005. Print.

Mhlanga, Brilliant. ‘Ethnicity or Tribalism? The Discursive Construction of Zimbabwean National Identity’. African Identities 11.1 (2013): 47–60. Web.

Michael Wallace Nest. Coltan. Cambridge, UK: Polity Press, 2011. Web. <http://ezproxy.lib.le.ac.uk/login?url=http://lib.myilibrary.com?id=572464>.

Miller, Darlene. ‘Spatial Development Initiatives and Regional Integration in Post-Apartheid Southern Africa’. Web. <http://www.rosalux.co.za/wp-content/files_mf/sdisinsouthernafrica2_2011sd.pdf>.

Mitchell, Jonathan. ‘The Maputo Development Corridor: A Case Study of the SDI Process in Mpumalanga’. Development Southern Africa 15.5 (1998): 757–769. Web.

Mkhwanazi, Nolwazi. ‘Twenty Years of Democracy and the Politics of Reproduction in South Africa’. African Identities 12.3–4 (2014): 326–341. Web.

Mlambo, Norman. Violent Conflicts, Fragile Peace : Perspectives on Africa’s Security Problems. Adonis & Abbey Publishers Ltd, 2008. Web. <http://site.ebrary.com/lib/leicester/detail.action?docID=10594073>.

---. Violent Conflicts, Fragile Peace : Perspectives on Africa’s Security Problems. Adonis & Abbey Publishers Ltd, 2008. Web. <http://site.ebrary.com/lib/leicester/detail.action?docID=10594073>.

---. Violent Conflicts, Fragile Peace : Perspectives on Africa’s Security Problems. Adonis & Abbey Publishers Ltd, 2008. Web. <http://site.ebrary.com/lib/leicester/detail.action?docID=10594073>.

Moffett, Helen. ‘“These Women, They Force Us to Rape Them”: Rape as Narrative of Social Control in Post-Apartheid South Africa’. Journal of Southern African Studies 32.1 (2006): 129–144. Web.

Mohan, G., and B. Lampert. ‘Negotiating China: Reinserting African Agency into China-Africa Relations’. African Affairs 112.446 (2013): 92–110. Web.

Mohan, Giles, Tunde Zack-Williams, and Review of African political economy. The Politics of Transition in Africa: State, Democracy & Economic Development in Africa. ROAPE African readers. Oxford: James Currey, 2002. Print.

---. The Politics of Transition in Africa: State, Democracy & Economic Development in Africa. ROAPE African readers. Oxford: James Currey, 2002. Print.

---. The Politics of Transition in Africa: State, Democracy & Economic Development in Africa. ROAPE African readers. Oxford: James Currey, 2002. Print.

---. The Politics of Transition in Africa: State, Democracy & Economic Development in Africa. ROAPE African readers. Oxford: James Currey, 2002. Print.

Moore, Candice. ‘Thabo Mbeki and South Africa’s African Identity: A Review of 20 Years of South Africa’s Africa Policy’. African Identities 12.3–4 (2014): 371–389. Web.

Morrell, Robert. ‘Of Boys and Men: Masculinity and Gender in Southern African Studies’. Journal of Southern African Studies 24.4 (1998): 605–630. Web.

Mosoetsa, Sarah. Eating from One Pot: The Dynamics of Survival in Poor South African Households. Johannesburg: Wits University Press, 2011. Web. <http://le.alma.exlibrisgroup.com/view/action/uresolver.do?operation=resolveService&package_service_id=5662769820002746&institutionId=2746&customerId=2745>.

Moyo, Dambisa. Dead Aid: Why Aid Is Not Working and How There Is Another Way for Africa. London: Allen Lane, 2008. Print.

‘Mozambique’s Slide into One-Party Rule’. Journal of Democracy 21.2 (2010): 151–165. Web.

‘---’. Journal of Democracy 21.2 (2010): 151–165. Web.

Muchie, Mammo, Phindile Lukhele-Olorunju, and Oghenerobor Akpar. The African Union Ten Years after: Solving African Problems with Pan-Africanism and the African Renaissance. Pretoria, South Africa: Africa Institute of South Africa, 2013. Web. <http://site.ebrary.com/lib/leicester/Doc?id=10803470>.

Mwakikagile, Godfrey. Identity Politics and Ethnic Conflicts in Rwanda and Burundi: A Comparative Study. 1st ed. Dar es Salaam, Tanzania: New Africa Press, 2012. Print.

---. Identity Politics and Ethnic Conflicts in Rwanda and Burundi: A Comparative Study. 1st ed. Dar es Salaam, Tanzania: New Africa Press, 2012. Print.

NAIR, SHEILA. ‘Governance, Representation and International Aid’. Third World Quarterly 34.4 (2013): 630–652. Web.

Nannyonga-Tamusuza, Sylvia. ‘Female-Men, Male-Women, and Others: Constructing and Negotiating Gender among the Baganda of Uganda’. Journal of Eastern African Studies 3.2 (2009): 367–380. Web.

Narayanaswamy, Lata. ‘Whose Feminism Counts? Gender(Ed) Knowledge and Professionalisation in Development’. Third World Quarterly 37.12 (2016): 2156–2175. Web.

Nathan, Laurie. ‘SADC’s Uncommon Approach to Common Security, 1992–2003*’. Journal of Southern African Studies 32.3 (2006): 605–622. Web.

Nathan Mugisha. ‘The Way Forward in Somalia’. N.p., n.d. Web. <http://www.tandfonline.com.ezproxy3.lib.le.ac.uk/doi/pdf/10.1080/03071847.2011.591084>.

Naughton, Barry. ‘China’s Distinctive System: Can It Be a Model for Others?’ Journal of Contemporary China 19.65 (2010): 437–460. Web.

Ndlovu-Gatsheni, Sabelo J. ‘Fiftieth Anniversary of Decolonisation in Africa: A Moment of Celebration or Critical Reflection?’ Third World Quarterly 33.1 (2012): 71–89. Web.

‘Neglected; Barack Obama and Africa’. The Economist 416.8 (2015): n. pag. Web. <http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?id=GALE|A422826882&v=2.1&u=leicester&it=r&p=EAIM&sw=w&asid=50774b0d0945fdcf244f3aa2187fbab2>.

Neumann, Peter R. Old and New Terrorism: Late Modernity, Globalization and the Transformation of Political Violence. Cambridge: Polity, 2009. Print.

Nganje, Fritz. ‘Brazilian Cities in Mozambique: South–South Development Co-Operation or the Projection of Soft Power?’ Journal of Southern African Studies 42.4 (2016): 659–674. Web.

---. ‘Sub-State Diplomacy and the Foreign Policy-Development Nexus in South Africa’. South African Journal of International Affairs 23.1 (2016): 1–20. Web.

Nhema, Alfred, and Paul Tiyambe Zeleza. Resolution of African Conflicts: The Management of Conflict Resolution and Post-Conflict Reconstruction. Athens: Ohio University Press, 2008. Web. <https://ebookcentral-proquest-com.ezproxy4.lib.le.ac.uk/lib/leicester/detail.action?docID=3026966>.

---. Resolution of African Conflicts: The Management of Conflict Resolution and Post-Conflict Reconstruction. Athens: Ohio University Press, 2008. Web. <https://ebookcentral-proquest-com.ezproxy4.lib.le.ac.uk/lib/leicester/detail.action?docID=3026966>.

---. Resolution of African Conflicts: The Management of Conflict Resolution and Post-Conflict Reconstruction. Athens: Ohio University Press, 2008. Web. <https://ebookcentral-proquest-com.ezproxy4.lib.le.ac.uk/lib/leicester/detail.action?docID=3026966>.

---. Roots of African Conflicts: The Causes and Costs. Athens: Ohio University Press, 2008. Web. <https://ebookcentral-proquest-com.ezproxy4.lib.le.ac.uk/lib/leicester/detail.action?docID=3026965>.

---. Roots of African Conflicts: The Causes and Costs. Athens: Ohio University Press, 2008. Web. <https://ebookcentral-proquest-com.ezproxy4.lib.le.ac.uk/lib/leicester/detail.action?docID=3026965>.

---. Roots of African Conflicts: The Causes and Costs. Athens: Ohio University Press, 2008. Web. <https://ebookcentral-proquest-com.ezproxy4.lib.le.ac.uk/lib/leicester/detail.action?docID=3026965>.

---. Roots of African Conflicts: The Causes and Costs. Athens: Ohio University Press, 2008. Web. <https://ebookcentral-proquest-com.ezproxy4.lib.le.ac.uk/lib/leicester/detail.action?docID=3026965>.

Niehaus, Isak. ‘Maternal Incest as Moral Panic: Envisioning Futures without Fathers in the South African Lowveld’. Journal of Southern African Studies 36.4 (2010): 833–849. Web.

Oarhe, Osumah, and Iro Aghedo. ‘The Open Sore of a Nation: Corruption Complex and Internal Security in Nigeria’. African Security 3.3 (2010): 127–147. Web.

Obadare, Ebenezer. ‘Sex, Citizenship and the State in Nigeria: Islam, Christianity and Emergent Struggles over Intimacy’. Review of African Political Economy 42.143 (2015): 62–76. Web.

OBAMA, BARACK1. ‘AFRICA’S RISE.’ Vital Speeches of the Day 81.9 (2015): 265–270. Web. <http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=buh&AN=109200202&site=ehost-live>.

‘Obama Made in Kenya: Appropriating the American Dream in Kogelo’. Africa Today 59.4 68–90. Web. <http://muse.jhu.edu.ezproxy3.lib.le.ac.uk/journals/africa_today/v059/59.4.van-bemmel.html>.

Obiyo, Robert. ‘One Report of the Joint Investigating Team on the Strategic Defence Procurement Packages, Too Many!’ Politikon 33.3 (2006): 361–385. Web.

Obulutsa, G. ‘Kenya to Tackle Radicalisation with New Prison for “Extremists” | African News | BDlive’. N.p., 17 Feb. 2016. Web. <http://www.bdlive.co.za/africa/africannews/2016/02/17/kenya-to-tackle-radicalisation-with-new-prison-for-extremists>.

Ogunnubi, Olusola. ‘Recalibrating Africa’s Geo-Political Calculus: A Critique of South Africa’s Hegemonic Status’. Politikon (2015): 1–20. Web.

Ojo, E. O. ‘The Military and the Challenge of Democratic Consolidation in Nigeria: Positive Scepticism and Negative Optimism’. Insight on Africa 6.1 (2014): 57–79. Web.

Okbazghi Yohannes. ‘The United States and Sub-Saharan Africa After the Cold War: Empty Promises and Retreat’. The Black Scholar 32.1 (2002): 23–44. Web. <http://www.jstor.org/stable/41068963?pq-origsite=summon&seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents>.

Olender, Michael. ‘Integrating Africa: Decolonization’s Legacies, Sovereignty and the African Union’. Politikon 41.1 (2014): 163–165. Web.

---. ‘Integrating Africa: Decolonization’s Legacies, Sovereignty and the African Union’. Politikon 41.1 (2014): 163–165. Web.

---. ‘Integrating Africa: Decolonization’s Legacies, Sovereignty and the African Union’. Politikon 41.1 (2014): 163–165. Web.

Olivier, N. ‘Between Contradiction and Co-Operation: An Analysis of China’s Evolving Engagement with Africa’. Insight on Africa 6.1 (2014): 15–42. Web.

Olsen, Gorm Rye. ‘Fighting Terrorism in Africa by Proxy: The USA and the European Union in Somalia and Mali’. European Security 23.3 (2014): 290–306. Web.

---. ‘Fighting Terrorism in Africa by Proxy: The USA and the European Union in Somalia and Mali’. European Security 23.3 (2014): 290–306. Web.

Olusola Ogunnubi,Christopher Isike. ‘Regional Hegemonic Contention and the Asymmetry of Soft Power: A Comparative Analysis of South Africa and Nigeria’. Strategic Review for Southern Africa 37.1 (2015): n. pag. Web. <http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?id=GALE|A429632254&v=2.1&u=leicester&it=r&p=&sw=w&asid=27fd4aad99523bc6f12585f5aaeefcd7>.

---. ‘Regional Hegemonic Contention and the Asymmetry of Soft Power: A Comparative Analysis of South Africa and Nigeria’. Strategic Review for Southern Africa 37.1 (2015): n. pag. Web. <http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?id=GALE|A429632254&v=2.1&u=leicester&it=r&p=&sw=w&asid=27fd4aad99523bc6f12585f5aaeefcd7>.

---. ‘Regional Hegemonic Contention and the Asymmetry of Soft Power: A Comparative Analysis of South Africa and Nigeria’. Strategic Review for Southern Africa 37.1 (2015): n. pag. Web. <http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?id=GALE|A429632254&v=2.1&u=leicester&it=r&p=&sw=w&asid=27fd4aad99523bc6f12585f5aaeefcd7>.

Omeje, Kenneth. ‘Markets or Oligopolies of Violence? The Case of Sudan’. African Security 3.3 (2010): 168–189. Web.

Omeje, Kenneth C., and Tricia M. Redeker Hepner. Conflict and Peacebuilding in the African Great Lakes Region. Bloomington, Ind: Indiana University Press, 2013. Web. <http://site.ebrary.com/lib/leicester/Doc?id=10718814>.

---. Conflict and Peacebuilding in the African Great Lakes Region. Bloomington, Ind: Indiana University Press, 2013. Web. <http://site.ebrary.com/lib/leicester/Doc?id=10718814>.

Onuoha, Freedom C. ‘The Islamist Challenge: Nigeria’s Boko Haram Crisis Explained’. African Security Review 19.2 (2010): 54–67. Web.

Opalo, Kennedy Ochieng’. ‘African Elections: Two Divergent Trends’. Journal of Democracy 23.3 (2012): 80–93. Web.

OTENYO, ERIC E. ‘NEW TERRORISM’. African Security Review 13.3 (2004): 75–84. Web.

Oyewole, Samuel. ‘Boko Haram and the Challenges of Nigeria’s War on Terror’. Defense & Security Analysis 29.3 (2013): 253–262. Web.

Ozkan, M. ‘When a Giant Became a “Reluctant Peacekeeper”: South Africa and Peacekeeping Operations between 1994-2003’. Insight on Africa 5.2 (2013): 129–138. Web.

Ozor, Frederick Ugwu. ‘Electoral Process, Democracy and Governance in Africa: Search for an Alternative Democratic Model’. Politikon 36.2 (2009): 315–336. Web.

Page, John, and Abebe Shimeles. ‘Aid, Employment and Poverty Reduction in Africa’. African Development Review 27.S1 (2015): 17–30. Web.

Parisot, James. ‘American Power, East Asian Regionalism and Emerging Powers: or Empire?’ Third World Quarterly 34.7 (2013): 1159–1174. Web.

Parmar, Inderjeet, Linda B. Miller, and Mark Ledwidge, eds. Obama and the World: New Directions in US Foreign Policy. Second edition. Routledge studies in US foreign policy. London: Routledge, 2014. Web. <http://ezproxy.lib.le.ac.uk/login?url=http://www.myilibrary.com?id=597465>.

‘Partnership, Policy Making, and Conditionality in the Gender Field: The Case of Tanzania’. Africa Today 60.4 67–84. Web. <http://muse.jhu.edu.ezproxy3.lib.le.ac.uk/journals/africa_today/v060/60.4.lange.html>.

Paterson, Mark, University of Cape Town. Centre for Conflict Resolution, and International Colloquium Report. The African Union at Ten: Problems, Progress, and Prospects - International Colloquium Report, Berlin, Germany, 30-31 August 2012. Cape Town: Centre for Conflict Resolution, 2012. Print.

PATRICK BOND. LOOTING AFRICA: THE ECONOMICS OF EXPLOITATION. LONDON: ZED BOOKS. Web. <http://ezproxy.lib.le.ac.uk/login?url=http://lib.myilibrary.com?id=121564>.

Paul Collier. Wars, Guns and Votes: Democracy in Dangerous Places. Vintage, 4AD. Print.

---. Wars, Guns and Votes: Democracy in Dangerous Places. Vintage, 4AD. Print.

Paul-Henri Bischoff, Kwesi Aning, and Amitav Acharya, eds. Africa in Global International Relations: Emerging Approaches to Theory and Practice (Routledge Studies in African Politics and International Relations). Routledge, 2015. Web. <http://ezproxy.lib.le.ac.uk/login?url=http://lib.myilibrary.com?id=838711>.

PEBERDY, S., and J. CRUSH. ‘INVISIBLE TRADE, INVISIBLE TRAVELLERS: THE MAPUTO CORRIDOR SPATIAL DEVELOPMENT INITIATIVE AND INFORMAL CROSS-BORDER TRADING’. South African Geographical Journal 83.2 (2001): 115–123. Web.

Peltier, Jean-Philippe N. ‘Rethinking Africa’s Military’. American Foreign Policy Interests 32.4 (2010): 219–228. Web.

---. ‘Rethinking Africa’s Military’. American Foreign Policy Interests 32.4 (2010): 219–228. Web.

Penvenne, Jeanne. ‘Africa since 1940: The Past of the Present (Review)’. Journal of Colonialism and Colonial History 4.3 (2003): n. pag. Web.

Pereira, A. D. ‘Brazil-Africa Relations: The Strategic Importance of the South Atlantic’. Insight on Africa 6.1 (2014): 1–13. Web.

---. ‘Brazil-Africa Relations: The Strategic Importance of the South Atlantic’. Insight on Africa 6.1 (2014): 1–13. Web.

Perkmann, Markus, and Ngai-Ling Sum. ‘Chapter 11: The Construction of Cross Border Regions in Southern Africa: The Maputo Development Corridor’. Globalization, Regionalization, and Cross-Border Regions. International political economy series. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2002. Print.

Pham, J. Peter. ‘The Development of the United States Africa Command and Its Role in America’s Africa Policy under George W. Bush and Barack Obama’. The Journal of the Middle East and Africa 5.3 (2014): 245–275. Web.

Pheko, Motsoko. ‘Effects of Colonialism on Africa’s Past and Present’. N.p., 31 May 2012. Web. <http://www.pambazuka.org/global-south/effects-colonialism-africas-past-and-present>.

Pillay, Suren. ‘Crime, Community and the Governance of Violence in Post-Apartheid South Africa’. Politikon 35.2 (2008): 141–158. Web.

---. ‘Crime, Community and the Governance of Violence in Post-Apartheid South Africa’. Politikon 35.2 (2008): 141–158. Web.

Piombo, Jessica. ‘Peacemaking in Burundi: Conflict Resolution versus Conflict Management Strategies’. African Security 3.4 (2010): 239–272. Web.

---. ‘Peacemaking in Burundi: Conflict Resolution versus Conflict Management Strategies’. African Security 3.4 (2010): 239–272. Web.

Poku, Nana. Security and Development in Southern Africa. Westport, Conn: Praeger, 2001. Print.

Porter, Elisabeth J. Researching Conflict in Africa : Insights and Experiences. United Nations University Press, 2005. Web. <http://site.ebrary.com/lib/leicester/detail.action?docID=10120724>.

---. Researching Conflict in Africa : Insights and Experiences. United Nations University Press, 2005. Web. <http://site.ebrary.com/lib/leicester/detail.action?docID=10120724>.

---. Researching Conflict in Africa : Insights and Experiences. United Nations University Press, 2005. Web. <http://site.ebrary.com/lib/leicester/detail.action?docID=10120724>.

Porter, Fenella. ‘Gender and the Political Economy of Conflict in Africa: The Persistence of Violence’. Review of African Political Economy 43.149 (2016): 530–532. Web.

Powell, Jonathan, Trace Lasley, and Rebecca Schiel. ‘Combating Coups d’état in Africa, 1950–2014’. Studies in Comparative International Development (2016): n. pag. Web.

‘Presidents of Angola and China Call to Strengthen Bilateral Cooperation | Macauhub English’. N.p., 4 Dec. 2015. Web. <http://www.macauhub.com.mo/en/2015/12/04/presidents-of-angola-and-china-call-to-strengthen-bilateral-cooperation/?utm_source=feedburner&utm_medium=email&utm_campaign=Feed%3A+Macauhub+%28Macauhub%29>.

Prevost, Gary. ‘The Evolution of the African National Congress in Power: From Revolutionaries to Social Democrats?’ Politikon 33.2 (2006): 163–181. Web.

Prys, Miriam. ‘Regional Hegemon or Regional Bystander: South Africa’s Zimbabwe Policy 2000–2005’. Politikon 36.2 (2009): 193–218. Web.

Pugh, Sarah A. ‘Advocacy in the Time of Xenophobia: Civil Society, the State, and the Politics of Migration in South Africa’. Politikon 41.2 (2014): 227–247. Web.

Qobo, Mzukisi. ‘Refocusing South Africa’s Economic Diplomacy: The “African Agenda” and Emerging Powers’. South African Journal of International Affairs 17.1 (2010): 13–28. Web.

Radden Keefe, Patrick. ‘Buried Secrets - The New Yorker’. N.p., 8 July 2013. Web. <http://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2013/07/08/buried-secrets>.

Radelet, Steven. ‘The Rise of the World’s Poorest Countries’. Journal of Democracy 26.4 (2015): 5–19. Web.

Rao, Rahul. ‘Re-Membering Mwanga: Same-Sex Intimacy, Memory and Belonging in Postcolonial Uganda’. Journal of Eastern African Studies 9.1 (2015): 1–19. Web.

Ratsimbaharison, Adrien M. ‘Greed and Civil War in Post–Cold War Africa: Revisiting the Greed Theory of Civil War’. African Security 4.4 (2011): 269–282. Web.

Ravi Bhavnani and David Backer. ‘Localized Ethnic Conflict and Genocide: Accounting for Differences in Rwanda and Burundi’. The Journal of Conflict Resolution 44.3 (2000): 283–306. Web. <http://www.jstor.org.ezproxy4.lib.le.ac.uk/stable/174628?pq-origsite=summon&seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents>.

REID, RICHARD. ‘Horror, Hubris and Humanity: The International Engagement with Africa, 1914-2014’. International Affairs 90.1 (2014): 143–166. Web.

Reyntjens, F. ‘Constructing the Truth, Dealing with Dissent, Domesticating the World: Governance in Post-Genocide Rwanda’. African Affairs 110.438 (2011): 1–34. Web.

Reyntjens, Filip. ‘Rwanda: Progress or Powder Keg?’ Journal of Democracy 26.3 (2015): 19–33. Web.

Richey, Lisa Ann, and Stefano Ponte. ‘New Actors and Alliances in Development’. Third World Quarterly 35.1 (2014): 1–21. Web.

---. ‘New Actors and Alliances in Development’. Third World Quarterly 35.1 (2014): 1–21. Web.

Robinson, William I. ‘The Transnational State and the BRICS: A Global Capitalism Perspective’. Third World Quarterly 36.1 (2015): 1–21. Web.

Rockefeller, Marilyn Moss, and Joan Johnson-Freese. ‘Dancing for Democracy: Understanding Malawi’s First Female President’. Orbis 57.2 (2013): 268–281. Web.

Rodney, Walter. How Europe Underdeveloped Africa. Cape Town: Pambazuka Press, 2012. Web. <https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/leicester/detail.action?docID=5559192>.

Roland Marchal. ‘A Tentative Assessment of the Somali Harakat Al-Shabaab’. Journal of Eastern African Studies 3.3 (2009): 381–404. Web. <http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/17531050903273701>.

Rolandsen, Øystein H. ‘Another Civil War in South Sudan: The Failure of Guerrilla Government?’ Journal of Eastern African Studies 9.1 (2015): 163–174. Web.

Rolandsen, �ystein H., and M. W. Daly. A History of South Sudan: From Slavery to Independence. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2016. Print.

Rotberg, Robert I., World Peace Foundation, and Brookings Institution. Battling Terrorism in the Horn of Africa. Cambridge, Mass: World Peace Foundation, 2005. Web. <http://ezproxy.lib.le.ac.uk/login?url=http://site.ebrary.com/lib/leicester/Doc?id=10120607>.

Rothchild, Donald S. Managing Ethnic Conflict in Africa: Pressures and Incentives for Cooperation. Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution Press, 1997. Web. <http://ezproxy.lib.le.ac.uk/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&scope=site&db=nlebk&db=nlabk&AN=46925>.

---. Managing Ethnic Conflict in Africa: Pressures and Incentives for Cooperation. Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution Press, 1997. Web. <http://ezproxy.lib.le.ac.uk/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&scope=site&db=nlebk&db=nlabk&AN=46925>.

Russell, Aidan. ‘OBEDIENCE AND SELECTIVE GENOCIDE IN BURUNDI’. Africa 85.03 (2015): 437–456. Web.

Sachs, Jeffrey. The End of Poverty: Economic Possibilities for Our Time. New York: Penguin, 2006. Print.

---. The End of Poverty: How We Can Make It Happen in Our Lifetime. London: Penguin, 2005. Print.

Salawu, Abiodun. ‘A Political Economy of Sub-Saharan African Language Press: The Case of Nigeria and South Africa’. Review of African Political Economy 42.144 (2015): 299–313. Web.

Samy, Yiagadeesen. ‘China’s Aid Policies in Africa: Opportunities and Challenges’. The Round Table 99.406 (2010): 75–90. Web.

Seegers, Annette, and Simon Taylor. ‘Transformation in the South African Military: A Study of the Gender-Representivity Component in the South African Navy’. Politikon 35.3 (2008): 357–378. Web.

Senaji, Thomas Anyanje et al. ‘LEAD - Leadership Effectiveness, Motivation, and Culture in Africa: Lessons from Egypt, Ghana, Kenya, Nigeria, and Uganda’. Canadian Journal of Administrative Sciences / Revue Canadienne des Sciences de l’Administration 31.4 (2014): 228–244. Web.

Serrão, Olivier, and Paul-Henri Bischoff. ‘Foreign Policy Ambiguity on the Part of an Emergent Middle Power: South African Foreign Policy through Other Lenses’. Politikon 36.3 (2009): 363–380. Web.

Sharp, Joanne, Patricia Campbell, and Emma Laurie. ‘The Violence of Aid? Giving, Power and Active Subjects in One World Conservatism’. Third World Quarterly 31.7 (2010): 1125–1143. Web.

Shaun Breslin. China and the Global Political Economy (International Political Economy Series). Palgrave Schol, Print UK, 2009. Web. <http://ezproxy.lib.le.ac.uk/login?url=http://lib.myilibrary.com?id=136032>.

Shaw, Timothy M., Andrew F. Cooper, and Gregory T. Chin. ‘Emerging Powers and Africa: Implications for/from Global Governance?’ Politikon 36.1 (2009): 27–44. Web.

‘She Lives Dangerously: Intimate Ethics, Grammatical Personhood, and HIV/AIDS in Islamic Northern Nigeria’. Africa Today 61.4 84–103. Web. <http://muse.jhu.edu.ezproxy3.lib.le.ac.uk/journals/africa_today/v061/61.4.rhine.html>.

Shinn, David. ‘Al Shabaab’s Foreign Threat to Somalia’. Orbis 55.2 (2011): 203–215. Web.

‘Shooting Dogs [DVD] [2007]’. : n. pag. Print.

Simon, David. Fifty Key Thinkers on Development. London: Routledge, 2006. Web. <http://le.alma.exlibrisgroup.com/view/action/uresolver.do?operation=resolveService&package_service_id=5662769550002746&institutionId=2746&customerId=2745>.

Slayton, Caleb. ‘Underselling Islamist Extremism in Sub-Saharan Africa’. Defense & Security Analysis 31.2 (2015): 123–136. Web.

Smith, Malinda. Securing Africa: Post-9/11 Discourses on Terrorism. Farnham: Ashgate, 2009. Web. <http://ezproxy.lib.le.ac.uk/login?url=http://site.ebrary.com/lib/leicester/Doc?id=10362166>.

Solomon, Hussein. ‘Critical Terrorism Studies and Its Implications for Africa’. Politikon 42.2 (2015): 219–234. Web.

---. ‘Critical Terrorism Studies and Its Implications for Africa’. Politikon 42.2 (2015): 219–234. Web.

---. ‘The African State and the Failure of US Counter-Terrorism Initiatives in Africa: The Cases of Nigeria and Mali’. South African Journal of International Affairs 20.3 (2013): 427–445. Web.

Somerville, Keith. Africa’s Long Road since Independence: The Many Histories of a Continent. London: Hurst & Company, 2015. Print.

Southall, Roger. ‘The Black Middle Class and Democracy in South Africa’. The Journal of Modern African Studies 52.04 (2014): 647–670. Web.

Southern, Neil. ‘The Government of National Unity and the Demise of the National Party in Post-Settlement South Africa’. Politikon 42.2 (2015): 235–254. Web.

---. ‘The Political Future of Afrikaans: The Viewpoints of an Ethnic Party’. Politikon 39.3 (2012): 353–369. Web.

Steans, Jill. Gender and International Relations: Theory, Practice, Policy. 3rd. ed. Cambridge: Polity, 2013. Web. <http://ezproxy.lib.le.ac.uk/login?url=http://www.dawsonera.com/depp/reader/protected/external/AbstractView/S9780745678696>.

Steidle, Brian, and Gretchen Steidle Wallace. The Devil Came on Horseback: Bearing Witness to the Genocide in Darfur. New York: PublicAffairs, 2007. Print.

Stephen Chan. The Morality of China in Africa: The Middle Kingdom and the Dark Continent. Zed Books Ltd, 2013. Web. <http://ezproxy.lib.le.ac.uk/login?url=http://site.ebrary.com/lib/leicester/detail.action?docID=10696013>.

Stig Jarle Hansen. Al-Shabaab in Somalia: The History and Ideology of a Militant Islamist Group, 2005-2012 (Somali Politics and History). C Hurst & Co Publishers Ltd, 2013. Web. <http://ezproxy.lib.le.ac.uk/login?url=http://site.ebrary.com/lib/leicester/detail.action?docID=10822941>.

Stiglitz, Joseph E. Globalization and Its Discontents. London: Allen Lane, 2002. Print.

---. Globalization and Its Discontents. London: Allen Lane, 2002. Print.

---. Stability with Growth: Macroeconomics, Liberalization and Development. Initiative for policy dialogue. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2006. Print.

---. Stability with Growth: Macroeconomics, Liberalization and Development. Initiative for policy dialogue. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2006. Print.

---. The Price of Inequality. London: Penguin, 2013. Print.

Strongman, Luke. ‘Postcolonialism and International Development Studies: A Dialectical Exchange?’ Third World Quarterly 35.8 (2014): 1343–1354. Web.

---. ‘Postcolonialism and International Development Studies: A Dialectical Exchange?’ Third World Quarterly 35.8 (2014): 1343–1354. Web.

Sultana, Farhana. ‘Doing Development as a Critical Development Scholar’. Third World Quarterly 35.3 (2014): 516–519. Web.

Sumner, Andy. ‘Poverty, Politics and Aid: Is a Reframing of Global Poverty Approaching?’ Third World Quarterly 34.3 (2013): 357–377. Web.

Suttner, Raymond. ‘Nelson Mandela’s Masculinities’. African Identities 12.3–4 (2014): 342–356. Web.

---. ‘Party Dominance “Theory”: Of What Value?’ Politikon 33.3 (2006): 277–297. Web.

Swiss, Liam, and Stephen Brown. ‘The Aid Orphan Myth’. Third World Quarterly 36.2 (2015): 240–256. Web.

Talton, B. ‘The Challenge of Decolonization in Africa’. N.p., n.d. Web. <http://exhibitions.nypl.org/africanaage/essay-challenge-of-decolonization-africa.html>.

Tate, Rachel. ‘BISA Conferenced Paper: Can Development Corridors Now Produce Sustainable Outcomes in Mozambique?’ 25 Apr. 2011. Web. <http://www.open.ac.uk/socialsciences/bisa-africa/files/bisa-2011-tate.pdf>.

Taylor, I. ‘Sino-African Relations and the Problem of Human Rights’. African Affairs 107.426 (2007): 63–87. Web.

Taylor, Ian. Africa Rising?: BRICS - Diversifying Dependency. African issues. Woodbridge, Suffolk: James Currey, 2014. Web. <http://ezproxy.lib.le.ac.uk/login?url=http://leicester.eblib.com/patron/FullRecord.aspx?p=1717497>.

---. China’s New Role in Africa. Boulder, Colo: Lynne Rienner, 2008. Print.

---. ‘Dependency Redux: Why Africa Is Not Rising’. Review of African Political Economy 43.147 (2016): 8–25. Web.

---. ‘Emerging Powers, State Capitalism and the Oil Sector in Africa’. Review of African Political Economy 41.141 (2014): 341–357. Web.

---. Global Governance and Transnationalizing Capitalist Hegemony: The Myth of the ‘Emerging Powers’. Routledge global institutions series. Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge, 2017. Web. <http://lib.myilibrary.com.ezproxy4.lib.le.ac.uk/Open.aspx?id=972382>.

TAYLOR, IAN. ‘India’s Rise in Africa’. International Affairs 88.4 (2012): 779–798. Web.

Taylor, Ian. ‘“The South Will Rise Again”? New Alliances and Global Governance: The India–Brazil–South Africa Dialogue Forum’. Politikon 36.1 (2009): 45–58. Web.

TAYLOR, IAN1. ‘Is Africa Rising?’ Brown Journal of World Affairs 21.1 (2014): 143–161. Web. <http://search.ebscohost.com.ezproxy4.lib.le.ac.uk/login.aspx?direct=true&db=bah&AN=100868753&site=ehost-live>.

Tella, Oluwaseun. ‘A Declining or Stable Image? An Assessment of the United States’ Soft Power in Africa’. South African Journal of International Affairs 23.2 (2016): 151–166. Web.

‘The Algerian Question in Nkrumah’s Ghana, 1958–1960: Debating “Violence” and “Nonviolence” in African Decolonization’. Africa Today 57.2 67–84. Web. <http://muse.jhu.edu.ezproxy3.lib.le.ac.uk/journals/africa_today/v057/57.2.ahlman.html>.

‘The Chinese Are Coming | The Economist’. N.p., 4 Mar. 2011. Web. <http://www.economist.com/node/15607496>.

‘The Colonial Gesture of Development: The Interpersonal as a Promising Site for Rethinking Aid to Africa’. Africa Today 59.3 2–28. Web. <http://muse.jhu.edu.ezproxy3.lib.le.ac.uk/journals/africa_today/v059/59.3.watson.html>.

‘The Democratic Republic of the Congo? Corruption, Patronage, and Competitive Authoritarianism in the DRC’. Africa Today 56.4 42–61. Web. <http://muse.jhu.edu.ezproxy3.lib.le.ac.uk/journals/africa_today/v056/56.4.matti.html>.

‘The Lies We Have Been Told: On (Homo) Sexuality in Africa’. Africa Today 58.1 54–77. Web. <http://muse.jhu.edu.ezproxy3.lib.le.ac.uk/journals/africa_today/v058/58.1.msibi.html>.

‘The Mirage of Democracy in the DRC’. Journal of Democracy 21.3 (2010): 143–157. Web.

‘The Political Economy of African Responses to the U.S. Africa Command’. Africa Today 57.1 3–23. Web. <http://muse.jhu.edu.ezproxy3.lib.le.ac.uk/journals/africa_today/v057/57.1.levan.html>.

Thomson, Alex. ‘A More Effective Constructive Engagement: US Policy Towards South Africa after the Comprehensive Anti-Apartheid Act of 1986’. Politikon 39.3 (2012): 371–389. Web.

---. An Introduction to African Politics. 3rd ed. London: Routledge, 2009. Web. <http://lib.myilibrary.com.ezproxy4.lib.le.ac.uk/Open.aspx?id=263977>.

---. An Introduction to African Politics. 3rd ed. London: Routledge, 2009. Web. <http://lib.myilibrary.com.ezproxy4.lib.le.ac.uk/Open.aspx?id=263977>.

---. An Introduction to African Politics. 3rd ed. London: Routledge, 2009. Web. <http://lib.myilibrary.com.ezproxy4.lib.le.ac.uk/Open.aspx?id=263977>.

---. An Introduction to African Politics. 3rd ed. London: Routledge, 2009. Web. <http://lib.myilibrary.com.ezproxy4.lib.le.ac.uk/Open.aspx?id=263977>.

---. An Introduction to African Politics. 3rd ed. London: Routledge, 2009. Web. <http://lib.myilibrary.com.ezproxy4.lib.le.ac.uk/Open.aspx?id=263977>.

---. An Introduction to African Politics. 3rd ed. London: Routledge, 2009. Web. <http://lib.myilibrary.com.ezproxy4.lib.le.ac.uk/Open.aspx?id=263977>.

---. An Introduction to African Politics. 3rd ed. London: Routledge, 2009. Web. <http://lib.myilibrary.com.ezproxy4.lib.le.ac.uk/Open.aspx?id=263977>.

---. An Introduction to African Politics. 3rd ed. London: Routledge, 2009. Web. <http://lib.myilibrary.com.ezproxy4.lib.le.ac.uk/Open.aspx?id=263977>.

---. An Introduction to African Politics. 3rd ed. London: Routledge, 2009. Web. <http://lib.myilibrary.com.ezproxy4.lib.le.ac.uk/Open.aspx?id=263977>.

Thomson, Alex, and Niki Jazdowska. ‘Bringing in the Grassroots: Transitional Justice in Zimbabwe’. Conflict, Security & Development 12.1 (2012): 75–102. Web.

Tom Nevin. ‘What Will Obama Do for Africa? Are Barack Obama’s Blood Ties with Africa Cause for Hope That He Might Be More Sensitive to the Continent’s Needs than His Predecessors? Tom Nevin Investigates’. African Business 2008.2008 (2008): n. pag. Web. <http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?id=GALE|A188958560&v=2.1&u=leicester&it=r&p=&sw=w&asid=3e61bcc863ac006bf50f0f4ce5c054ce>.

Tonge, Jonathan. Comparative Peace Processes. Cambridge: Polity, 2014. Print.

---. Comparative Peace Processes. Cambridge: Polity, 2014. Print.

Totten, Samuel, and Amanda Grzyb, eds. Conflict in the Nuba Mountains: From Genocide by Attrition to the Contemporary Crisis. New York, New York: Routledge, 2015. Web. <http://ezproxy.lib.le.ac.uk/login?url=http://site.ebrary.com/lib/leicester/detail.action?docID=10988458>.

---, eds. Conflict in the Nuba Mountains: From Genocide by Attrition to the Contemporary Crisis. New York, New York: Routledge, 2015. Web. <http://ezproxy.lib.le.ac.uk/login?url=http://site.ebrary.com/lib/leicester/detail.action?docID=10988458>.

---, eds. Conflict in the Nuba Mountains: From Genocide by Attrition to the Contemporary Crisis. New York, New York: Routledge, 2015. Web. <http://ezproxy.lib.le.ac.uk/login?url=http://site.ebrary.com/lib/leicester/detail.action?docID=10988458>.

Totten, Samuel, and William S. Parsons. Centuries of Genocide: Essays and Eyewitness Accounts. 4th ed. New York, N.Y.: Routledge, 2013. Print.

Tripp, Aili Mari. ‘Legislating Gender-Based Violence in Post-Conflict Africa’. Journal of Peacebuilding & Development 5.3 (2010): 7–20. Web.

---. Women and Power in Postconflict Africa. New York, NY, USA: Cambridge University Press, 2015. Web. <https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/women-and-power-in-postconflict-africa/E27094811790564894080B202C0C254F>.

‘Twittering the Boko Haram Uprising in Nigeria: Investigating Pragmatic Acts in the Social Media’. Africa Today 59.3 82–102. Web. <http://muse.jhu.edu.ezproxy3.lib.le.ac.uk/journals/africa_today/v059/59.3.chiluwa.html>.

Ubi, E. N., and O. O. Akinkuotu. ‘Nigerian Foreign Policy and Economic Development, 1999-2013’. International Area Studies Review 17.4 (2014): 414–433. Web.

‘UN Finds More Cases of Child Abuse by European Troops in CAR | World News | The Guardian’. N.p., 29 Jan. 2016. Web. <http://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/jan/29/un-finds-more-cases-of-child-abuse-by-european-troops-in-car>.

United Nations Conference on Trade and Development. Economic Development in Africa: Doubling Aid. New York: UNCTAD, 2006. Print.

Valeriano, Brandon. ‘Power Politics and Interstate War in Africa’. African Security 4.3 (2011): 195–221. Web.

Van De Walle, Nicolas. ‘Obamas Unrealized Hopes for Africa’. Sept/Oct 2015 n. pag. Web. <https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/africa/obama-and-africa>.

Van Nieuwkerk, Anthoni. ‘Exporting Cultures of Violence or Peace? Interpreting South Africa’s Post-Apartheid Role in Africa’. Journal of Peacebuilding & Development 4.3 (2009): 70–84. Web.

van Nieuwkerk, Anthoni. ‘South Africa and Peacekeeping in Africa’. African Security 5.1 (2012): 44–62. Web.

Varhola, Laura R., and Thomas E. Sheperd. ‘Africa and the United States—A Military Perspective’. American Foreign Policy Interests 35.6 (2013): 325–332. Web.

Vibert, Elizabeth. ‘Gender, Resilience and Resistance: South Africa’s Hleketani Community Garden’. Journal of Contemporary African Studies 34.2 (2016): 252–267. Web.

Vidino, Lorenzo, Raffaello Pantucci, and Evan Kohlmann. ‘Bringing Global Jihad to the Horn of Africa: Al Shabaab, Western Fighters, and the Sacralization of the Somali Conflict’. African Security 3.4 (2010): 216–238. Web.

---. ‘Bringing Global Jihad to the Horn of Africa: Al Shabaab, Western Fighters, and the Sacralization of the Somali Conflict’. African Security 3.4 (2010): 216–238. Web.

Vondracek, Hugh. ‘A Single Raised Hand: Prospects for Peace in the Sudanese Rivalry’. African Security 7.4 (2014): 251–276. Web.

Walker, Andrew. ‘Eat the Heart of the Infidel’: The Harrowing of Nigeria and the Rise of Boko Haram. London: Hurst & Company, 2016. Print.

Walls, M. ‘The Emergence of a Somali State: Building Peace from Civil War in Somaliland’. African Affairs 108.432 (2009): 371–389. Web.

Wa-Mungai, Mbugua. ‘Tusker Project Fame: Ethnic States, Popular Flows’. Journal of Eastern African Studies 1.3 (2007): 338–358. Web.

Warlord Democrats in Africa: Ex-Military Leaders and Electoral Politics (Africa Now). Zed Books, 15AD. Web. <https://ebookcentral-proquest-com.ezproxy4.lib.le.ac.uk/lib/leicester/detail.action?docID=4833070>.

Wassara, Samson S. ‘South Sudan: State Sovereignty Challenged at Infancy’. Journal of Eastern African Studies 9.4 (2015): 634–649. Web.

Watt, Nigel. Burundi: The Biography of a Small African Country. Revised and updated edition. London: Hurst & Company, 2015. Print.

Watts, Michael J., and Ibaba Samuel Ibaba. ‘Turbulent Oil: Conflict and Insecurity in the Niger Delta’. African Security 4.1 (2011): 1–19. Web.

Webersik, Christian. ‘Bargaining for the Spoils of War: Somalia’s Failing Path from War to Peace’. African Security 7.4 (2014): 277–302. Web.

Weeraratne, Suranjan. ‘Theorizing the Expansion of the Boko Haram Insurgency in Nigeria’. Terrorism and Political Violence (2015): 1–25. Web.

Weiss, Thomas G. and International Peace Academy. Humanitarian Emergencies and Military Help in Africa. Issues in peacekeeping and peacemaking. Basingstoke: Macmillan in association with International Peace Academy, 1990. Print.

WEISS, THOMAS G., and MARTIN WELZ. ‘The UN and the African Union in Mali and beyond: A Shotgun Wedding?’ International Affairs 90.4 (2014): 889–905. Web.

‘Welcome | UN Women in Africa’. United Nations Website, n.d. Web. <http://africa.unwomen.org/en>.

White, Luise, and Miles Larmer. ‘Introduction: Mobile Soldiers and the Un-National Liberation of Southern Africa’. Journal of Southern African Studies 40.6 (2014): 1271–1274. Web.

WILLIAMS, PAUL D. ‘After Westgate: Opportunities and Challenges in the War against Al-Shabaab’. International Affairs 90.4 (2014): 907–923. Web.

Williams, Paul D. ‘Reflections on the Evolving African Peace and Security Architecture’. African Security 7.3 (2014): 147–162. Web.

---. ‘The African Union’s Peace Operations: A Comparative Analysis’. African Security 2.2–3 (2009): 97–118. Web.

---. ‘The African Union’s Peace Operations: A Comparative Analysis’. African Security 2.2–3 (2009): 97–118. Web.

Women and the War on Boko Haram: Wives, Weapons, Witnesses (African Arguments). Zed Books, 15AD. Web. <https://ebookcentral-proquest-com.ezproxy3.lib.le.ac.uk/lib/leicester/detail.action?docID=5060848>.

‘Women, Peace and Security. United Nations Peacekeeping’. N.p., n.d. Web. <http://www.un.org/en/peacekeeping/issues/women/wps.shtml>.

Women’s Activism in Africa: Struggles for Rights and Representation. Zed Books; 1 edition, 15AD. Web. <http://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/leicester/detail.action?docID=4790831>.

Woodward, Peter. The Horn of Africa: Politics and International Relations. International Library of African Studies. London: I.B.Tauris, 2002. Web. <https://ebookcentral-proquest-com.ezproxy3.lib.le.ac.uk/lib/leicester/detail.action?docID=677155>.

World Bank Document. ‘Improving Gender Equality in Africa’. N.p., n.d. Web. <http://www.worldbank.org/en/region/afr/brief/improving-gender-equality-in-africa>.

Young, Tom and International African Institute. Readings in African Politics. Oxford: James Currey, 2002. Print.

---. Readings in African Politics. Oxford: James Currey, 2002. Print.

---. Readings in African Politics. Oxford: James Currey, 2002. Print.

---. Readings in African Politics. Oxford: James Currey, 2002. Print.

Yusuf, Hakeem O. ‘Harvest of Violence: The Neglect of Basic Rights and the Insurgency in Nigeria’. Critical Studies on Terrorism 6.3 (2013): 371–391. Web.

Yvonne Captain. ‘Brazil’s Africa Policy under Lula’. The Global South 4.1 (2010): 183–198. Web. <http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.2979/gso.2010.4.1.183?pq-origsite=summon#pdf_only_tab_contents>.

Zalewski, Marysia, and Anne Sisson Runyan. ‘"Unthinking” Sexual Violence in a Neoliberal Era of Spectacular Terror’. Critical Studies on Terrorism (2015): 1–17. Web.

Zhao, Suisheng. ‘The China Model: Can It Replace the Western Model of Modernization?’ Journal of Contemporary China 19.65 (2010): 419–436. Web.

Zhengyu, Wu, and Ian Taylor. ‘From Refusal to Engagement: Chinese Contributions to Peacekeeping in Africa’. Journal of Contemporary African Studies 29.2 (2011): 137–154. Web.

Bibliography for PL2023 Politics and Power in Africa BETA