1
Richard I. G. Holt, ,  Clive Cockram, ,  Allan Flyvbjerg, , and  Barry J. Goldstein. Textbook of Diabetes. John Wiley 2016. https://ebookcentral-proquest-com.ezproxy4.lib.le.ac.uk/lib/leicester/reader.action?docID=4769056
2
Type 2 diabetes in adults: management | Guidance and guidelines | NICE. https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ng28
3
Resources and tools. http://www.idf.org/our-activities/advocacy-awareness/resources-and-tools/78:global-guideline-for-managing-older-people-with-type-2-diabetes.html
4
Resources and tools. http://www.idf.org/our-activities/advocacy-awareness/resources-and-tools/79:global-guideline-for-type-2-diabetes.html
5
Resources and tools. http://www.idf.org/our-activities/advocacy-awareness/resources-and-tools/80:the-global-idf-ispad-guidelines-for-diabetes-in-childhood-and-adolescence.html
6
Crasto W, Jarvis J, Davies MJ. Handbook of insulin therapies. Switzerland: : Adis 2016. http://le.alma.exlibrisgroup.com/view/action/uresolver.do?operation=resolveService&package_service_id=5664687440002746&institutionId=2746&customerId=2745
7
Anthony H. Barnett, Jenny Grice. New Mechanisms in Glucose Control. BMJ Books; 1 edition 2013. http://ezproxy.lib.le.ac.uk/login?url=http://lib.myilibrary.com?id=478133
8
WHO 2011 Use of glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) in the diagnosis of diabetes mellitus. http://www.who.int/diabetes/publications/diagnosis_diabetes2011/en/
9
Atkinson MA. The Pathogenesis and Natural History of Type 1 Diabetes. Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Medicine 2012;2:a007641–a007641. doi:10.1101/cshperspect.a007641
10
Samuel VT, Shulman GI. Intergrating Mechanisms  for Insulin Resistance: Common Threads and Missing Links. Cell 2012;148:852–71. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2012.02.017
11
Beverley M Shields. Can clinical features be used to differentiate type 1 from type 2 diabetes? A systematic review of the literature. BMJ Open 2015;5. doi:doi:  10.1136/bmjopen-2015-009088
12
Zaccardi F, Webb DR, Yates T, et al. Pathophysiology of type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus: a 90-year perspective. Postgraduate Medical Journal 2016;92:63–9. doi:10.1136/postgradmedj-2015-133281
13
Jones AG, Hattersley AT. The clinical utility of C-peptide measurement in the care of patients with diabetes. Diabetic Medicine 2013;30:803–17. doi:10.1111/dme.12159
14
Srinivasan BT, Jarvis J, Khunti K, et al. Recent advances in the management of type 2 diabetes mellitus: a review. Postgraduate Medical Journal 2008;84:524–31. doi:10.1136/pgmj.2008.067918
15
Copeland KC, Silverstein J, Moore KR, et al. Management of Newly Diagnosed Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) in Children and Adolescents. PEDIATRICS 2013;131:364–82. doi:10.1542/peds.2012-3494
16
Celia G. Walker. Modelling the Interplay between Lifestyle Factors and Genetic Predisposition on Markers of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Risk. PLoS ONE 2015;10. doi:doi:  10.1371/journal.pone.0131681
17
Chatterjee S, Davies M. Type 2 diabetes: recent advances in diagnosis and management. Prescriber 2015;26:15–21. doi:10.1002/psb.1355
18
Ismail-Beigi F. Glycemic Management of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. New England Journal of Medicine 2012;366:1319–27. doi:10.1056/NEJMcp1013127
19
Nathan DM, Buse JB, Davidson MB, et al. Management of Hyperglycemia in Type 2 Diabetes: A Consensus Algorithm for the Initiation and Adjustment of Therapy: A consensus statement from the American Diabetes Association and the European Association for the Study of Diabetes. Diabetes Care 2006;29:1963–72. doi:10.2337/dc06-9912
20
Srinivasan BT, Davies M. Glycaemic management of type 2 diabetes. Medicine 2014;42:711–7. doi:10.1016/j.mpmed.2014.09.011
21
S M Attard. Implications of iron deficiency/anemia on the classification of diabetes using HbA1c. Nutrition & Diabetes 2015;5. doi:doi:  10.1038/nutd.2015.16
22
Schwartz SS, Epstein S, Corkey BE, et al. The Time Is Right for a New Classification System for Diabetes: Rationale and Implications of the β-Cell–Centric Classification Schema. Diabetes Care 2016;39:179–86. doi:10.2337/dc15-1585
23
Nolan CJ, Ruderman NB, Kahn SE, et al. Insulin Resistance as a Physiological Defense Against Metabolic Stress: Implications for the Management of Subsets of Type 2 Diabetes. Diabetes 2015;64:673–86. doi:10.2337/db14-0694
24
Rizos CV, Kei A, Elisaf MS. The current role of thiazolidinediones in diabetes management. Archives of Toxicology 2016;90:1861–81. doi:10.1007/s00204-016-1737-4
25
Nissen SE, Wolski K. Effect of Rosiglitazone on the Risk of Myocardial Infarction and Death from Cardiovascular Causes. New England Journal of Medicine 2007;356:2457–71. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa072761
26
Professor Kamlesh Khunti - Coding, Classification and Diagnosis of Diabetes. 4AD.https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AhhWTmEFuag
27
[ARCHIVED CONTENT] Medicines management: Everybody’s business : Department of Health - Publications and statistics. http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20080205142458/http://www.dh.gov.uk/en/Publicationsandstatistics/Publications/PublicationsPolicyAndGuidance/DH_082200
28
Vloemans AF, van Beers CAJ, de Wit M, et al. Keeping safe. Continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) in persons with Type 1 diabetes and impaired awareness of hypoglycaemia: a qualitative study. Diabetic Medicine 2017;34:1470–6. doi:10.1111/dme.13429
29
Sivasubramaniyam S, Amiel SA, Choudhary P. Proportion of daily capillary blood glucose readings required in the target range for target glycaemic control: shift of focus from target range to proportion in range. Diabetic Medicine 2017;34:1456–60. doi:10.1111/dme.13438
30
Crasto W, Jarvis J, Davies MJ. Handbook of insulin therapies. Switzerland: : Adis 2016. http://le.alma.exlibrisgroup.com/view/action/uresolver.do?operation=resolveService&package_service_id=5664687440002746&institutionId=2746&customerId=2745
31
Inzucchi SE, Bergenstal RM, Buse JB, et al. Management of Hyperglycemia in Type 2 Diabetes, 2015: A Patient-Centered Approach: Update to a Position Statement of the American Diabetes Association and the European Association for the Study of Diabetes. Diabetes Care 2015;38:140–9. doi:10.2337/dc14-2441
32
Ryder B, McKnight J, Blann A, et al. ABCD position statement on GLP-1 based therapies and pancreatic damage. Practical Diabetes 2013;30:388–91. doi:10.1002/pdi.1816
33
Garber AJ, King AB, Prato SD, et al. Insulin degludec, an ultra-longacting basal insulin, versus insulin glargine in basal-bolus treatment with mealtime insulin aspart in type 2 diabetes (BEGIN Basal-Bolus Type 2): a phase 3, randomised, open-label, treat-to-target non-inferiority trial. The Lancet 2012;379:1498–507. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(12)60205-0
34
Gururaj Setty S, Crasto W, Jarvis J, et al. New insulins and newer insulin regimens: a review of their role in improving glycaemic control in patients with diabetes. Postgraduate Medical Journal 2016;92:152–64. doi:10.1136/postgradmedj-2015-133716
35
Htike ZZ, Zaccardi F, Chatterjee S, et al. Glucagon like peptide-1 receptor agonist (GLP-1RA) therapy in management of type 2 diabetes: choosing the right agent for individualised care. British Journal of Diabetes 2016;16. doi:10.15277/bjd.2016.091
36
Davies MJ, Chatterjee S. Trial watch: Insulin initiation for type 2 diabetes mellitus in primary care. Nature Reviews Endocrinology 2017;13:317–8. doi:10.1038/nrendo.2017.41
37
Gough SCL, Harris S, Woo V, et al. Insulin degludec: overview of a novel ultra long-acting basal insulin. Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism 2013;15:301–9. doi:10.1111/dom.12052
38
Ashwell SG, Amiel SA, Bilous RW, et al. Improved glycaemic control with insulin glargine plus insulin lispro: a multicentre, randomized, cross-over trial in people with Type 1 diabetes. Diabetic Medicine 2006;23:285–92. doi:10.1111/j.1464-5491.2005.01781.x
39
Bretzel RG, Nuber U, Landgraf W, et al. Once-daily basal insulin glargine versus thrice-daily prandial insulin lispro in people with type 2 diabetes on oral hypoglycaemic agents (APOLLO): an open randomised controlled trial. The Lancet 2008;371:1073–84. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(08)60485-7
40
Funnell MM. Overcoming Barriers to the Initiation of Insulin Therapy. Clinical Diabetes 2007;25:36–8. doi:10.2337/diaclin.25.1.36
41
Garber AJ, Wahlen J, Wahl T, et al. Attainment of glycaemic goals in type 2 diabetes with once-, twice-, or thrice-daily dosing with biphasic insulin aspart 70/30 (The 1-2-3 study). Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism 2006;8:58–66. doi:10.1111/j.1463-1326.2005.00563.x
42
Gough SCL. A review of human and analogue insulin trials. Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice 2007;77:1–15. doi:10.1016/j.diabres.2006.10.015
43
Garber AJ, Ligthelm R, Christiansen JS, et al. Premixed insulin treatment for type 2 diabetes: analogue or human? Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism 2007;9:630–9. doi:10.1111/j.1463-1326.2006.00654.x
44
Heller SR, Colagiuri S, Vaaler S, et al. Hypoglycaemia with insulin aspart: a double-blind, randomised, crossover trial in subjects with Type 1 diabetes. Diabetic Medicine 2004;21:769–75. doi:10.1111/j.1464-5491.2004.01244.x
45
Hermansen K, Davies M, Derezinski T, et al. A 26-Week, Randomized, Parallel, Treat-to-Target Trial Comparing Insulin Detemir With NPH Insulin as Add-On Therapy to Oral Glucose-Lowering Drugs in Insulin-Naive People With Type 2 Diabetes. Diabetes Care 2006;29:1269–74. doi:10.2337/dc05-1365
46
Holman RR, Thorne KI, Farmer AJ, et al. Addition of Biphasic, Prandial, or Basal Insulin to Oral Therapy in Type 2 Diabetes. New England Journal of Medicine 2007;357:1716–30. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa075392
47
Holman RR, Turner RC. A Practical Guide to Basal and Prandial Insulin Therapy. Diabetic Medicine 1985;2:45–53. doi:10.1111/j.1464-5491.1985.tb00592.x
48
Horvath K, Jeitler K, Berghold A, et al. Long-acting insulin analogues versus NPH insulin (human isophane insulin) for type 2 diabetes mellitus. In: Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. Chichester, UK: : John Wiley & Sons, Ltd 1996. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD005613.pub3
49
Marre M, Shaw J, Brändle M, et al. Liraglutide, a once-daily human GLP-1 analogue, added to a sulphonylurea over 26 weeks produces greater improvements in glycaemic and weight control compared with adding rosiglitazone or placebo in subjects with Type 2 diabetes (LEAD-1 SU). Diabetic Medicine 2009;26:268–78. doi:10.1111/j.1464-5491.2009.02666.x
50
Young LA, Buse JB. GLP-1 receptor agonists and basal insulin in type 2 diabetes. The Lancet 2014;384:2180–1. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(14)61409-4
51
Diamant M, Van Gaal L, Stranks S, et al. Once weekly exenatide compared with insulin glargine titrated to target in patients with type 2 diabetes (DURATION-3): an open-label randomised trial. The Lancet 2010;375:2234–43. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(10)60406-0
52
Gururaj Setty S, Crasto W, Jarvis J, et al. New insulins and newer insulin regimens: a review of their role in improving glycaemic control in patients with diabetes. Postgraduate Medical Journal 2016;92:152–64. doi:10.1136/postgradmedj-2015-133716
53
Rosenstock J, Raccah D, Koranyi L, et al. Efficacy and Safety of Lixisenatide Once Daily Versus Exenatide Twice Daily in Type 2 Diabetes Inadequately Controlled on Metformin: A 24-week, randomized, open-label, active-controlled study (GetGoal-X). Diabetes Care 2013;36:2945–51. doi:10.2337/dc12-2709
54
Evans M, Schumm-Draeger PM, Vora J, et al. A review of modern insulin analogue pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic profiles in type 2 diabetes: improvements and limitations. Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism 2011;13:677–84. doi:10.1111/j.1463-1326.2011.01395.x
55
Home PD. The pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of rapid-acting insulin analogues and their clinical consequences. Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism 2012;14:780–8. doi:10.1111/j.1463-1326.2012.01580.x
56
Richter B, Neises G. ‘Human’ insulin versus animal insulin in people with diabetes mellitus. In: Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. Chichester, UK: : John Wiley & Sons, Ltd 1996. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD003816.pub2
57
Swinnen SG, Simon AC, Holleman F, et al. Insulin detemir versus insulin glargine for type 2 diabetes mellitus. In: Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. Chichester, UK: : John Wiley & Sons, Ltd 1996. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD006383.pub2
58
Yki-Järvinen H, Kauppinen-Mäkelin R, Tiikkainen M, et al. Insulin glargine or NPH combined with metformin in type 2 diabetes: the LANMET study. Diabetologia 2006;49:442–51. doi:10.1007/s00125-005-0132-0
59
Zinman B, Fulcher G, Rao PV, et al. Insulin degludec, an ultra-long-acting basal insulin, once a day or three times a week versus insulin glargine once a day in patients with type 2 diabetes: a 16-week, randomised, open-label, phase 2 trial. The Lancet 2011;377:924–31. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(10)62305-7
60
Horvath K, Jeitler K, Berghold A, et al. Long-acting insulin analogues versus NPH insulin (human isophane insulin) for type 2 diabetes mellitus. In: Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. Chichester, UK: : John Wiley & Sons, Ltd 1996. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD005613.pub3
61
Rosenstock J, Davies M, Home PD, et al. A randomised, 52-week, treat-to-target trial comparing insulin detemir with insulin glargine when administered as add-on to glucose-lowering drugs in insulin-naive people with type 2 diabetes. Diabetologia 2008;51:408–16. doi:10.1007/s00125-007-0911-x
62
Raskin P, Allen E, Hollander P, et al. Initiating Insulin Therapy in Type 2 Diabetes: A comparison of biphasic and basal insulin analogs. Diabetes Care 2005;28:260–5. doi:10.2337/diacare.28.2.260
63
Davies M, Storms F, Shutler S, et al. Improvement of Glycemic Control in Subjects With Poorly Controlled Type 2 Diabetes: Comparison of two treatment algorithms using insulin glargine. Diabetes Care 2005;28:1282–8. doi:10.2337/diacare.28.6.1282
64
Htike ZZ, Zaccardi F, Papamargaritis D, et al. Efficacy and safety of glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists in type 2 diabetes: A systematic review and mixed-treatment comparison analysis. Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism 2017;19:524–36. doi:10.1111/dom.12849
65
Htike ZZ, Zaccardi F, Papamargaritis D, et al. Efficacy and safety of glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists in type 2 diabetes: A systematic review and mixed-treatment comparison analysis. Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism 2017;19:524–36. doi:10.1111/dom.12849
66
Amori RE, Lau J, Pittas AG. Efficacy and Safety of Incretin Therapy in Type 2 Diabetes. JAMA 2007;298. doi:10.1001/jama.298.2.194
67
Buse JB, Drucker DJ, Taylor KL, et al. DURATION-1: Exenatide Once Weekly Produces Sustained Glycemic Control and Weight Loss Over 52 Weeks. Diabetes Care 2010;33:1255–61. doi:10.2337/dc09-1914
68
Buse JB, Bergenstal RM, Glass LC, et al. Use of Twice-Daily Exenatide in Basal Insulin–Treated Patients With Type 2 Diabetes. Annals of Internal Medicine 2011;154. doi:10.7326/0003-4819-154-2-201101180-00300
69
Buse JB, Rosenstock J, Sesti G, et al. Liraglutide once a day versus exenatide twice a day for type 2 diabetes: a 26-week randomised, parallel-group, multinational, open-label trial (LEAD-6). The Lancet 2009;374:39–47. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(09)60659-0
70
Nauck MA, Meier JJ. The incretin effect in healthy individuals and those with type 2 diabetes: physiology, pathophysiology, and response to therapeutic interventions. The Lancet Diabetes & Endocrinology 2016;4:525–36. doi:10.1016/S2213-8587(15)00482-9
71
Marso SP, Daniels GH, Brown-Frandsen K, et al. Liraglutide and Cardiovascular Outcomes in Type 2 Diabetes. New England Journal of Medicine 2016;375:311–22. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1603827
72
Liraglutide and Cardiovascular Outcomes in Type 2 Diabetes. New England Journal of Medicine 2016;375:1797–9. doi:10.1056/NEJMc1611289
73
Courtney H, Nayar R, Rajeswaran C, et al. Long-term management of type 2 diabetes with glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists. Diabetes, Metabolic Syndrome and Obesity: Targets and Therapy 2017;Volume 10:79–87. doi:10.2147/DMSO.S126763
74
Rotz ME, Ganetsky VS, Sen S, et al. Implications of incretin-based therapies on cardiovascular disease. International Journal of Clinical Practice 2015;69:531–49. doi:10.1111/ijcp.12572
75
Levin PA, Nguyen H, Wittbrodt E, et al. Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists: a systematic review of comparative effectiveness research. Diabetes, Metabolic Syndrome and Obesity: Targets and Therapy 2017;Volume 10:123–39. doi:10.2147/DMSO.S130834
76
Riddle MC, Aronson R, Home P, et al. Adding Once-Daily Lixisenatide for Type 2 Diabetes Inadequately Controlled by Established Basal Insulin: A 24-week, randomized, placebo-controlled comparison (GetGoal-L). Diabetes Care 2013;36:2489–96. doi:10.2337/dc12-2454
77
Dungan KM, Povedano ST, Forst T, et al. Once-weekly dulaglutide versus once-daily liraglutide in metformin-treated patients with type 2 diabetes (AWARD-6): a randomised, open-label, phase 3, non-inferiority trial. The Lancet 2014;384:1349–57. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(14)60976-4
78
Nauck M, Weinstock RS, Umpierrez GE, et al. Efficacy and Safety of Dulaglutide Versus Sitagliptin After 52 Weeks in Type 2 Diabetes in a Randomized Controlled Trial (AWARD-5). Diabetes Care 2014;37:2149–58. doi:10.2337/dc13-2761
79
Effects of intensive glucose control on microvascular outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes: a meta-analysis of individual participant data from randomised controlled trials- ClinicalKey. https://www.clinicalkey.com/#!/content/playContent/1-s2.0-S2213858717301043?returnurl=null&referrer=null
80
Safety and insulin: Implementation of national guidance at a local level | Journal Content | Diabetesonthenet.com. http://www.diabetesonthenet.com/journal-content/view/safety-and-insulin-implementation-of-national-guidance-at-a-local-level
81
Davies M, Dahl D, Heise T, et al. Introduction of biosimilar insulins in Europe. Diabetic Medicine 2017;34:1340–53. doi:10.1111/dme.13400
82
Crasto W, Jarvis J, Davies MJ. Handbook of insulin therapies. Switzerland: : Adis 2016. http://le.alma.exlibrisgroup.com/view/action/uresolver.do?operation=resolveService&package_service_id=5664687440002746&institutionId=2746&customerId=2745
83
Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes--2015: Summary of Revisions. Diabetes Care 2015;38:S4–S4. doi:10.2337/dc15-S003
84
Minimizing Hypoglycemia in Diabetes: Table 1. Diabetes Care 2015;38:1583–91. doi:10.2337/dc15-0279
85
Grammes J, Stock W, Mann CG, et al. Focus group study to identify the central facets of fear of hypoglycaemia in people with Type 2 diabetes mellitus. Diabetic Medicine Published Online First: 30 August 2017. doi:10.1111/dme.13506
86
Carver C. Insulin Treatment and the Problem of Weight Gain in Type 2 Diabetes. The Diabetes Educator 2006;32:910–7. doi:10.1177/0145721706294259
87
Mäkimattila S, Nikkilä K, Yki-Järvinen H. Causes of weight gain during insulin therapy with and without metformin in patients with Type II diabetes mellitus. Diabetologia 1999;42:406–12. doi:10.1007/s001250051172
88
Villani M, de Courten B, Zoungas S. Emergency treatment of hypoglycaemia: a guideline and evidence review. Diabetic Medicine 2017;34:1205–11. doi:10.1111/dme.13379
89
Simmons RK, Borch-Johnsen K, Lauritzen T, et al. A randomised trial of the effect and cost-effectiveness of early intensive multifactorial therapy on 5-year cardiovascular outcomes in individuals with screen-detected type 2 diabetes: the Anglo–Danish–Dutch Study of Intensive Treatment in People with Screen-Detected Diabetes in Primary Care (ADDITION-Europe) study. Health Technology Assessment 2016;20:1–86. doi:10.3310/hta20640
90
Kamlesh Khunti. Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Response Rates and Diagnostic Yield of Screening for Type 2 Diabetes and Those at High Risk of Diabetes. PLoS ONE 2015;10. doi:doi:  10.1371/journal.pone.0135702
91
Tao L, Wilson ECF, Wareham NJ, et al. Cost-effectiveness of intensive multifactorial treatment compared with routine care for individuals with screen-detected Type 2 diabetes: analysis of the ADDITION-UK cluster-randomized controlled trial. Diabetic Medicine 2015;32:907–19. doi:10.1111/dme.12711
92
Gray LJ, Khunti K, Wilmot EG, et al. External validation of two diabetes risk scores in a young UK South Asian population. Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice 2014;104:451–8. doi:10.1016/j.diabres.2014.03.018
93
Gray LJ, Khunti K, Edwardson C, et al. Implementation of the automated Leicester Practice Risk Score in two diabetes prevention trials provides a high yield of people with abnormal glucose tolerance. Diabetologia 2012;55:3238–44. doi:10.1007/s00125-012-2725-8
94
Johnston BC, Kanters S, Bandayrel K, et al. Comparison of Weight Loss Among Named Diet Programs in Overweight and Obese Adults. JAMA 2014;312. doi:10.1001/jama.2014.10397
95
Steven S, Hollingsworth KG, Al-Mrabeh A, et al. Very Low-Calorie Diet and 6 Months of Weight Stability in Type 2 Diabetes: Pathophysiological Changes in Responders and Nonresponders. Diabetes Care 2016;39:808–15. doi:10.2337/dc15-1942
96
Steven S, Taylor R. Restoring normoglycaemia by use of a very low calorie diet in long- and short-duration Type 2 diabetes. Diabetic Medicine 2015;32:1149–55. doi:10.1111/dme.12722
97
Persaud SJ, Jones PM. A Wake-up Call for Type 2 Diabetes? New England Journal of Medicine 2016;375:1090–2. doi:10.1056/NEJMcibr1607950
98
Dhatariya KK, Skedgel C, Fordham R. The cost of treating diabetic ketoacidosis in the UK: a national survey of hospital resource use. Diabetic Medicine 2017;34:1361–6. doi:10.1111/dme.13427
99
Crasto W, Jarvis J, Davies MJ. Handbook of insulin therapies. Switzerland: : Adis 2016. http://le.alma.exlibrisgroup.com/view/action/uresolver.do?operation=resolveService&package_service_id=5664687440002746&institutionId=2746&customerId=2745
100
Davies MJ, Heller S, Skinner TC, et al. Effectiveness of the diabetes education and self management for ongoing and newly diagnosed (DESMOND) programme for people with newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes: cluster randomised controlled trial. BMJ 2008;336:491–5. doi:10.1136/bmj.39474.922025.BE
101
Gallwitz B, Rosenstock J, Rauch T, et al. 2-year efficacy and safety of linagliptin compared with glimepiride in patients with type 2 diabetes inadequately controlled on metformin: a randomised, double-blind, non-inferiority trial. The Lancet 2012;380:475–83. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(12)60691-6
102
Diamant M, Van Gaal L, Stranks S, et al. Once weekly exenatide compared with insulin glargine titrated to target in patients with type 2 diabetes (DURATION-3): an open-label randomised trial. The Lancet 2010;375:2234–43. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(10)60406-0
103
Marso SP, Daniels GH, Brown-Frandsen K, et al. Liraglutide and Cardiovascular Outcomes in Type 2 Diabetes. New England Journal of Medicine 2016;375:311–22. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1603827
104
Wanner C, Inzucchi SE, Lachin JM, et al. Empagliflozin and Progression of Kidney Disease in Type 2 Diabetes. New England Journal of Medicine 2016;375:323–34. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1515920
105
Empagliflozin and Progression of Kidney Disease in Type 2 Diabetes. New England Journal of Medicine 2016;375:1799–802. doi:10.1056/NEJMc1611290
106
Bethel MA, Engel SS, Green JB, et al. Assessing the Safety of Sitagliptin in Older Participants in the Trial Evaluating Cardiovascular Outcomes With Sitagliptin (TECOS). Diabetes Care Published Online First: 5 January 2017. doi:10.2337/dc16-1135
107
Merlin C. Thomas. Systematic Literature Review of DPP-4 Inhibitors in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and Renal Impairment. Diabetes Therapy 2016;7. doi:doi:  10.1007/s13300-016-0189-4
108
Paul Craddy. Comparative Effectiveness of Dipeptidylpeptidase-4 Inhibitors in Type 2 Diabetes: A Systematic Review and Mixed Treatment Comparison. Diabetes Therapy 2014;5. doi:doi:  10.1007/s13300-014-0061-3
109
Bennett WL, Maruthur NM, Singh S, et al. Comparative Effectiveness and Safety of Medications for Type 2 Diabetes: An Update Including New Drugs and 2-Drug Combinations. Annals of Internal Medicine 2011;154. doi:10.7326/0003-4819-154-9-201105030-00336
110
Green JB, Bethel MA, Armstrong PW, et al. Effect of Sitagliptin on Cardiovascular Outcomes in Type 2 Diabetes. New England Journal of Medicine 2015;373:232–42. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1501352
111
Min SH, Yoon J-H, Hahn S, et al. Comparison between SGLT2 inhibitors and DPP4 inhibitors added to insulin therapy in type 2 diabetes: a systematic review with indirect comparison meta-analysis. Diabetes/Metabolism Research and Reviews 2017;33. doi:10.1002/dmrr.2818
112
Capehorn M, Polonsky WH, Edelman S, et al. Challenges faced by physicians when discussing the Type 2 diabetes diagnosis with patients: insights from a cross-national study (IntroDia                              ). Diabetic Medicine Published Online First: March 2017. doi:10.1111/dme.13357
113
Deacon CF, Lebovitz HE. Comparative review of dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors and sulphonylureas. Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism 2016;18:333–47. doi:10.1111/dom.12610
114
Mishriky BM, Cummings DM, Tanenberg RJ. The efficacy and safety of DPP4 inhibitors compared to sulfonylureas as add-on therapy to metformin in patients with Type 2 diabetes: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice 2015;109:378–88. doi:10.1016/j.diabres.2015.05.025
115
Daly H, Davies M, Barnett J, et al. Development of a self-management education module for those with type 2 diabetes on injectable therapies. Practical Diabetes 2015;32:305–310a. doi:10.1002/pdi.1979
116
Nauck M. Incretin therapies: highlighting common features and differences in the modes of action of glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists and dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors. Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism 2016;18:203–16. doi:10.1111/dom.12591
117
Frandsen CSS, Madsbad S. Efficacy and safety of dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors as an add-on to insulin treatment in patients with Type 2 diabetes: a review. Diabetic Medicine 2014;31:1293–300. doi:10.1111/dme.12561
118
Hadjiconstantinou M, Byrne J, Bodicoat DH, et al. Do Web-Based Interventions Improve Well-Being in Type 2 Diabetes? A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Journal of Medical Internet Research 2016;18. doi:10.2196/jmir.5991
119
Young-Hyman D, de Groot M, Hill-Briggs F, et al. Erratum. Psychosocial Care for People With Diabetes: A Position Statement of the American Diabetes Association. Diabetes Care 2016;39:2126–2140. Diabetes Care 2017;40:287.1-287. doi:10.2337/dc17-er02
120
Tanner M. Review: In type 2 diabetes, adding dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors to sulphonylureas increases hypoglycemia. Annals of Internal Medicine 2016;165. doi:10.7326/ACPJC-2016-165-4-020
121
Mishriky BM, Cummings DM, Tanenberg RJ. The efficacy and safety of DPP4 inhibitors compared to sulfonylureas as add-on therapy to metformin in patients with Type 2 diabetes: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice 2015;109:378–88. doi:10.1016/j.diabres.2015.05.025
122
Bailey CJ, Gross JL, Pieters A, et al. Effect of dapagliflozin in patients with type 2 diabetes who have inadequate glycaemic control with metformin: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. The Lancet 2010;375:2223–33. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(10)60407-2
123
Nauck MA, Meininger G, Sheng D, et al. Efficacy and safety of the dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor, sitagliptin, compared with the sulfonylurea, glipizide, in patients with type 2 diabetes inadequately controlled on metformin alone: a randomized, double-blind, non-inferiority trial. Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism 2007;9:194–205. doi:10.1111/j.1463-1326.2006.00704.x
124
Marso SP, Bain SC, Consoli A, et al. Semaglutide and Cardiovascular Outcomes in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes. New England Journal of Medicine 2016;375:1834–44. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1607141
125
Anderson B, Funnell M, American Diabetes Association. The art of empowerment: stories and strategies for diabetes educators. 2nd ed. Alexandria, Va: : American Diabetes Association 2005.
126
Crasto W, Jarvis J, Davies MJ. Handbook of insulin therapies. Switzerland: : Adis 2016. http://le.alma.exlibrisgroup.com/view/action/uresolver.do?operation=resolveService&package_service_id=5664687440002746&institutionId=2746&customerId=2745
127
Schauer PR, Kashyap SR, Wolski K, et al. Bariatric Surgery versus Intensive Medical Therapy in Obese Patients with Diabetes. New England Journal of Medicine 2012;366:1567–76. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1200225
128
Leff DR, Heath D. Surgery for obesity in adulthood. BMJ 2009;339:b3402–b3402. doi:10.1136/bmj.b3402
129
Sjöström L, Lindroos A-K, Peltonen M, et al. Lifestyle, Diabetes, and Cardiovascular Risk Factors 10 Years after Bariatric Surgery. New England Journal of Medicine 2004;351:2683–93. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa035622
130
Schauer PR, Bhatt DL, Kirwan JP, et al. Bariatric Surgery versus Intensive Medical Therapy for Diabetes — 5-Year Outcomes. New England Journal of Medicine 2017;376:641–51. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1600869
131
Schauer PR, Kashyap SR, Wolski K, et al. Bariatric Surgery versus Intensive Medical Therapy in Obese Patients with Diabetes. New England Journal of Medicine 2012;366:1567–76. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1200225
132
Brown J, Alwan NA, West J, et al. Lifestyle interventions for the treatment of women with gestational diabetes. In: Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. Chichester, UK: : John Wiley & Sons, Ltd 1996. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD011970.pub2
133
Kenneth Hodson. Gestational diabetes: emerging concepts in pathophysiology. Obstetric Medicine 2010;3. doi:doi:  10.1258/om.2010.100025
134
Latika Sahu. Comparison of the American Diabetes Association and World Health Organization criteria for gestational diabetes mellitus and the outcomes of pregnancy. Obstetric Medicine 2009;2. doi:doi:  10.1258/om.2009.080049
135
Moreno-Castilla C, Mauricio D, Hernandez M. Role of Medical Nutrition Therapy in the Management of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus. Current Diabetes Reports 2016;16. doi:10.1007/s11892-016-0717-7
136
Postnatal testing following gestational diabetes- ClinicalKey. https://www.clinicalkey.com/#!/content/playContent/1-s2.0-S2213858715003228?returnurl=null&referrer=null
137
Birkeland KI. Hyperglycaemia in pregnancy: still a lot to learn. The Lancet Diabetes & Endocrinology 2015;3:752–3. doi:10.1016/S2213-8587(15)00282-X
138
Rinki Murphy. Monogenic diabetes and pregnancy. Obstetric Medicine 2015;8. doi:doi:  10.1177/1753495X15590713
139
Stewart ZA, Wilinska ME, Hartnell S, et al. Closed-Loop Insulin Delivery during Pregnancy in Women with Type 1 Diabetes. New England Journal of Medicine 2016;375:644–54. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1602494
140
Yeh JS, Kushner RF, Schiff GD. Obesity and Management of Weight Loss. New England Journal of Medicine 2016;375:1187–9. doi:10.1056/NEJMclde1515935
141
Unit 3 – Special care groups: A practical guide to pregnancy complicated by diabetes - Diabetes & Primary Care. http://www.diabetesandprimarycare.co.uk/journal-content/view/unit-3-special-care-groups-a-practical-guide-to-pregnancy-complicated-by-diabetes/?preview
142
Henson, Joseph. Associations of Sedentary Time with Fat Distribution in a High-Risk Population. Published Online First: 10 November 2014.https://lra.le.ac.uk/handle/2381/32505
143
Crasto W, Jarvis J, Davies MJ. Handbook of insulin therapies. Switzerland: : Adis 2016. http://le.alma.exlibrisgroup.com/view/action/uresolver.do?operation=resolveService&package_service_id=5664687440002746&institutionId=2746&customerId=2745
144
Srinivasan P, Huang GC, Amiel SA, et al. Islet cell transplantation. Postgraduate Medical Journal 2007;83:224–9. doi:10.1136/pgmj.2006.053447
145
Choudhary P, Parrott NR, Birtles L, et al. Islet cell transplantation: current status in the UK (2012). Practical Diabetes 2012;29:280–5. doi:10.1002/pdi.1707
146
Amy Kennedy. Does Exercise Improve Glycaemic Control in Type 1 Diabetes? A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. PLoS ONE 2013;8. doi:doi:  10.1371/journal.pone.0058861
147
Chimen M, Kennedy A, Nirantharakumar K, et al. What are the health benefits of physical activity in type 1 diabetes mellitus? A literature review. Diabetologia 2012;55:542–51. doi:10.1007/s00125-011-2403-2
148
Umpierre D. Physical Activity Advice Only or Structured Exercise Training and Association With HbA                              Levels in Type 2 Diabetes. JAMA 2011;305. doi:10.1001/jama.2011.576
149
Avery L, Flynn D, van Wersch A, et al. Changing Physical Activity Behavior in Type 2 Diabetes: A systematic review and meta-analysis of behavioral interventions. Diabetes Care 2012;35:2681–9. doi:10.2337/dc11-2452
150
Barry VW, Baruth M, Beets MW, et al. Fitness vs. Fatness on All-Cause Mortality: A Meta-Analysis. Progress in Cardiovascular Diseases 2014;56:382–90. doi:10.1016/j.pcad.2013.09.002
151
Qin L, Knol MJ, Corpeleijn E, et al. Does physical activity modify the risk of obesity for type 2 diabetes: a review of epidemiological data. European Journal of Epidemiology 2010;25:5–12. doi:10.1007/s10654-009-9395-y
152
Lee I-M. Physical Activity and Weight Gain Prevention. JAMA 2010;303. doi:10.1001/jama.2010.312
153
John M Jakicic. Physical activity considerations for the treatment and prevention of obesity. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 2005;82:226S-229S.http://ajcn.nutrition.org/content/82/1/226S
154
Heinonen I, Helajärvi H, Pahkala K, et al. Sedentary behaviours and obesity in adults: the Cardiovascular Risk in Young Finns Study. BMJ Open 2013;3. doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2013-002901
155
Sallis JF, Bull F, Guthold R, et al. Progress in physical activity over the Olympic quadrennium. The Lancet 2016;388:1325–36. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(16)30581-5
156
Hartman YAW, Jansen HJ, Hopman MTE, et al. Insulin-Associated Weight Gain in Type 2 Diabetes Is Associated With Increases in Sedentary Behavior. Diabetes Care 2017;40:e120–1. doi:10.2337/dc17-0787
157
Michael Riddell. Exercise and Glucose Metabolism in Persons with Diabetes Mellitus: Perspectives on the Role for Continuous Glucose Monitoring. Journal of diabetes science and technology (Online) 2009;3. doi:doi:  10.1177/193229680900300439