1.
Richard I. G. Holt, , Clive Cockram, , Allan Flyvbjerg, , and Barry J. Goldstein. Textbook of Diabetes. John Wiley; 2016. https://ebookcentral-proquest-com.ezproxy4.lib.le.ac.uk/lib/leicester/reader.action?docID=4769056
2.
Type 2 diabetes in adults: management | Guidance and guidelines | NICE. https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ng28
3.
Resources and tools. http://www.idf.org/our-activities/advocacy-awareness/resources-and-tools/78:global-guideline-for-managing-older-people-with-type-2-diabetes.html
4.
Resources and tools. http://www.idf.org/our-activities/advocacy-awareness/resources-and-tools/79:global-guideline-for-type-2-diabetes.html
5.
Resources and tools. http://www.idf.org/our-activities/advocacy-awareness/resources-and-tools/80:the-global-idf-ispad-guidelines-for-diabetes-in-childhood-and-adolescence.html
6.
Crasto W, Jarvis J, Davies MJ. Handbook of Insulin Therapies. Adis; 2016. http://le.alma.exlibrisgroup.com/view/action/uresolver.do?operation=resolveService&package_service_id=5664687440002746&institutionId=2746&customerId=2745
7.
Anthony H. Barnett, Jenny Grice. New Mechanisms in Glucose Control. BMJ Books; 1 edition; 2013. http://ezproxy.lib.le.ac.uk/login?url=http://lib.myilibrary.com?id=478133
8.
WHO 2011 Use of glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) in the diagnosis of diabetes mellitus. http://www.who.int/diabetes/publications/diagnosis_diabetes2011/en/
9.
Atkinson MA. The Pathogenesis and Natural History of Type 1 Diabetes. Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Medicine. 2012;2(11):a007641-a007641. doi:10.1101/cshperspect.a007641
10.
Samuel VT, Shulman GI. Intergrating Mechanisms for Insulin Resistance: Common Threads and Missing Links. Cell. 2012;148(5):852-871. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2012.02.017
11.
Beverley M Shields. Can clinical features be used to differentiate type 1 from type 2 diabetes? A systematic review of the literature. BMJ Open. 2015;5(11). doi:doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2015-009088
12.
Zaccardi F, Webb DR, Yates T, Davies MJ. Pathophysiology of type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus: a 90-year perspective. Postgraduate Medical Journal. 2016;92(1084):63-69. doi:10.1136/postgradmedj-2015-133281
13.
Jones AG, Hattersley AT. The clinical utility of C-peptide measurement in the care of patients with diabetes. Diabetic Medicine. 2013;30(7):803-817. doi:10.1111/dme.12159
14.
Srinivasan BT, Jarvis J, Khunti K, Davies MJ. Recent advances in the management of type 2 diabetes mellitus: a review. Postgraduate Medical Journal. 2008;84(996):524-531. doi:10.1136/pgmj.2008.067918
15.
Copeland KC, Silverstein J, Moore KR, et al. Management of Newly Diagnosed Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) in Children and Adolescents. PEDIATRICS. 2013;131(2):364-382. doi:10.1542/peds.2012-3494
16.
Celia G. Walker. Modelling the Interplay between Lifestyle Factors and Genetic Predisposition on Markers of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Risk. PLoS ONE. 2015;10(7). doi:doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0131681
17.
Chatterjee S, Davies M. Type 2 diabetes: recent advances in diagnosis and management. Prescriber. 2015;26(10):15-21. doi:10.1002/psb.1355
18.
Ismail-Beigi F. Glycemic Management of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. New England Journal of Medicine. 2012;366(14):1319-1327. doi:10.1056/NEJMcp1013127
19.
Nathan DM, Buse JB, Davidson MB, et al. Management of Hyperglycemia in Type 2 Diabetes: A Consensus Algorithm for the Initiation and Adjustment of Therapy: A consensus statement from the American Diabetes Association and the European Association for the Study of Diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2006;29(8):1963-1972. doi:10.2337/dc06-9912
20.
Srinivasan BT, Davies M. Glycaemic management of type 2 diabetes. Medicine. 2014;42(12):711-717. doi:10.1016/j.mpmed.2014.09.011
21.
S M Attard. Implications of iron deficiency/anemia on the classification of diabetes using HbA1c. Nutrition & Diabetes. 2015;5(6). doi:doi: 10.1038/nutd.2015.16
22.
Schwartz SS, Epstein S, Corkey BE, Grant SFA, Gavin JR, Aguilar RB. The Time Is Right for a New Classification System for Diabetes: Rationale and Implications of the β-Cell–Centric Classification Schema. Diabetes Care. 2016;39(2):179-186. doi:10.2337/dc15-1585
23.
Nolan CJ, Ruderman NB, Kahn SE, Pedersen O, Prentki M. Insulin Resistance as a Physiological Defense Against Metabolic Stress: Implications for the Management of Subsets of Type 2 Diabetes. Diabetes. 2015;64(3):673-686. doi:10.2337/db14-0694
24.
Rizos CV, Kei A, Elisaf MS. The current role of thiazolidinediones in diabetes management. Archives of Toxicology. 2016;90(8):1861-1881. doi:10.1007/s00204-016-1737-4
25.
Nissen SE, Wolski K. Effect of Rosiglitazone on the Risk of Myocardial Infarction and Death from Cardiovascular Causes. New England Journal of Medicine. 2007;356(24):2457-2471. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa072761
26.
Professor Kamlesh Khunti - Coding, Classification and Diagnosis of Diabetes. Published online 4AD. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AhhWTmEFuag
27.
[ARCHIVED CONTENT] Medicines management: Everybody’s business : Department of Health - Publications and statistics. http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20080205142458/http://www.dh.gov.uk/en/Publicationsandstatistics/Publications/PublicationsPolicyAndGuidance/DH_082200
28.
Vloemans AF, van Beers CAJ, de Wit M, et al. Keeping safe. Continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) in persons with Type 1 diabetes and impaired awareness of hypoglycaemia: a qualitative study. Diabetic Medicine. 2017;34(10):1470-1476. doi:10.1111/dme.13429
29.
Sivasubramaniyam S, Amiel SA, Choudhary P. Proportion of daily capillary blood glucose readings required in the target range for target glycaemic control: shift of focus from target range to proportion in range. Diabetic Medicine. 2017;34(10):1456-1460. doi:10.1111/dme.13438
30.
Crasto W, Jarvis J, Davies MJ. Handbook of Insulin Therapies. Adis; 2016. http://le.alma.exlibrisgroup.com/view/action/uresolver.do?operation=resolveService&package_service_id=5664687440002746&institutionId=2746&customerId=2745
31.
Inzucchi SE, Bergenstal RM, Buse JB, et al. Management of Hyperglycemia in Type 2 Diabetes, 2015: A Patient-Centered Approach: Update to a Position Statement of the American Diabetes Association and the European Association for the Study of Diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2015;38(1):140-149. doi:10.2337/dc14-2441
32.
Ryder B, McKnight J, Blann A, et al. ABCD position statement on GLP-1 based therapies and pancreatic damage. Practical Diabetes. 2013;30(9):388-391. doi:10.1002/pdi.1816
33.
Garber AJ, King AB, Prato SD, et al. Insulin degludec, an ultra-longacting basal insulin, versus insulin glargine in basal-bolus treatment with mealtime insulin aspart in type 2 diabetes (BEGIN Basal-Bolus Type 2): a phase 3, randomised, open-label, treat-to-target non-inferiority trial. The Lancet. 2012;379(9825):1498-1507. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(12)60205-0
34.
Gururaj Setty S, Crasto W, Jarvis J, Khunti K, Davies MJ. New insulins and newer insulin regimens: a review of their role in improving glycaemic control in patients with diabetes. Postgraduate Medical Journal. 2016;92(1085):152-164. doi:10.1136/postgradmedj-2015-133716
35.
Htike ZZ, Zaccardi F, Chatterjee S, Khunti K, Davies MJ. Glucagon like peptide-1 receptor agonist (GLP-1RA) therapy in management of type 2 diabetes: choosing the right agent for individualised care. British Journal of Diabetes. 2016;16(3). doi:10.15277/bjd.2016.091
36.
Davies MJ, Chatterjee S. Trial watch: Insulin initiation for type 2 diabetes mellitus in primary care. Nature Reviews Endocrinology. 2017;13(6):317-318. doi:10.1038/nrendo.2017.41
37.
Gough SCL, Harris S, Woo V, Davies M. Insulin degludec: overview of a novel ultra long-acting basal insulin. Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism. 2013;15(4):301-309. doi:10.1111/dom.12052
38.
Ashwell SG, Amiel SA, Bilous RW, et al. Improved glycaemic control with insulin glargine plus insulin lispro: a multicentre, randomized, cross-over trial in people with Type 1 diabetes. Diabetic Medicine. 2006;23(3):285-292. doi:10.1111/j.1464-5491.2005.01781.x
39.
Bretzel RG, Nuber U, Landgraf W, Owens DR, Bradley C, Linn T. Once-daily basal insulin glargine versus thrice-daily prandial insulin lispro in people with type 2 diabetes on oral hypoglycaemic agents (APOLLO): an open randomised controlled trial. The Lancet. 2008;371(9618):1073-1084. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(08)60485-7
40.
Funnell MM. Overcoming Barriers to the Initiation of Insulin Therapy. Clinical Diabetes. 2007;25(1):36-38. doi:10.2337/diaclin.25.1.36
41.
Garber AJ, Wahlen J, Wahl T, et al. Attainment of glycaemic goals in type 2 diabetes with once-, twice-, or thrice-daily dosing with biphasic insulin aspart 70/30 (The 1-2-3 study). Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism. 2006;8(1):58-66. doi:10.1111/j.1463-1326.2005.00563.x
42.
Gough SCL. A review of human and analogue insulin trials. Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice. 2007;77(1):1-15. doi:10.1016/j.diabres.2006.10.015
43.
Garber AJ, Ligthelm R, Christiansen JS, Liebl A. Premixed insulin treatment for type 2 diabetes: analogue or human? Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism. 2007;9(5):630-639. doi:10.1111/j.1463-1326.2006.00654.x
44.
Heller SR, Colagiuri S, Vaaler S, et al. Hypoglycaemia with insulin aspart: a double-blind, randomised, crossover trial in subjects with Type 1 diabetes. Diabetic Medicine. 2004;21(7):769-775. doi:10.1111/j.1464-5491.2004.01244.x
45.
Hermansen K, Davies M, Derezinski T, Martinez Ravn G, Clauson P, Home P. A 26-Week, Randomized, Parallel, Treat-to-Target Trial Comparing Insulin Detemir With NPH Insulin as Add-On Therapy to Oral Glucose-Lowering Drugs in Insulin-Naive People With Type 2 Diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2006;29(6):1269-1274. doi:10.2337/dc05-1365
46.
Holman RR, Thorne KI, Farmer AJ, et al. Addition of Biphasic, Prandial, or Basal Insulin to Oral Therapy in Type 2 Diabetes. New England Journal of Medicine. 2007;357(17):1716-1730. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa075392
47.
Holman RR, Turner RC. A Practical Guide to Basal and Prandial Insulin Therapy. Diabetic Medicine. 1985;2(1):45-53. doi:10.1111/j.1464-5491.1985.tb00592.x
48.
Horvath K, Jeitler K, Berghold A, et al. Long-acting insulin analogues versus NPH insulin (human isophane insulin) for type 2 diabetes mellitus. In: Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd; 1996. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD005613.pub3
49.
Marre M, Shaw J, Brändle M, et al. Liraglutide, a once-daily human GLP-1 analogue, added to a sulphonylurea over 26 weeks produces greater improvements in glycaemic and weight control compared with adding rosiglitazone or placebo in subjects with Type 2 diabetes (LEAD-1 SU). Diabetic Medicine. 2009;26(3):268-278. doi:10.1111/j.1464-5491.2009.02666.x
50.
Young LA, Buse JB. GLP-1 receptor agonists and basal insulin in type 2 diabetes. The Lancet. 2014;384(9961):2180-2181. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(14)61409-4
51.
Diamant M, Van Gaal L, Stranks S, et al. Once weekly exenatide compared with insulin glargine titrated to target in patients with type 2 diabetes (DURATION-3): an open-label randomised trial. The Lancet. 2010;375(9733):2234-2243. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(10)60406-0
52.
Gururaj Setty S, Crasto W, Jarvis J, Khunti K, Davies MJ. New insulins and newer insulin regimens: a review of their role in improving glycaemic control in patients with diabetes. Postgraduate Medical Journal. 2016;92(1085):152-164. doi:10.1136/postgradmedj-2015-133716
53.
Rosenstock J, Raccah D, Koranyi L, et al. Efficacy and Safety of Lixisenatide Once Daily Versus Exenatide Twice Daily in Type 2 Diabetes Inadequately Controlled on Metformin: A 24-week, randomized, open-label, active-controlled study (GetGoal-X). Diabetes Care. 2013;36(10):2945-2951. doi:10.2337/dc12-2709
54.
Evans M, Schumm-Draeger PM, Vora J, King AB. A review of modern insulin analogue pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic profiles in type 2 diabetes: improvements and limitations. Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism. 2011;13(8):677-684. doi:10.1111/j.1463-1326.2011.01395.x
55.
Home PD. The pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of rapid-acting insulin analogues and their clinical consequences. Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism. 2012;14(9):780-788. doi:10.1111/j.1463-1326.2012.01580.x
56.
Richter B, Neises G. ‘Human’ insulin versus animal insulin in people with diabetes mellitus. In: Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd; 1996. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD003816.pub2
57.
Swinnen SG, Simon AC, Holleman F, Hoekstra JB, DeVries JH. Insulin detemir versus insulin glargine for type 2 diabetes mellitus. In: Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd; 1996. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD006383.pub2
58.
Yki-Järvinen H, Kauppinen-Mäkelin R, Tiikkainen M, et al. Insulin glargine or NPH combined with metformin in type 2 diabetes: the LANMET study. Diabetologia. 2006;49(3):442-451. doi:10.1007/s00125-005-0132-0
59.
Zinman B, Fulcher G, Rao PV, et al. Insulin degludec, an ultra-long-acting basal insulin, once a day or three times a week versus insulin glargine once a day in patients with type 2 diabetes: a 16-week, randomised, open-label, phase 2 trial. The Lancet. 2011;377(9769):924-931. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(10)62305-7
60.
Horvath K, Jeitler K, Berghold A, et al. Long-acting insulin analogues versus NPH insulin (human isophane insulin) for type 2 diabetes mellitus. In: Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd; 1996. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD005613.pub3
61.
Rosenstock J, Davies M, Home PD, Larsen J, Koenen C, Schernthaner G. A randomised, 52-week, treat-to-target trial comparing insulin detemir with insulin glargine when administered as add-on to glucose-lowering drugs in insulin-naive people with type 2 diabetes. Diabetologia. 2008;51(3):408-416. doi:10.1007/s00125-007-0911-x
62.
Raskin P, Allen E, Hollander P, et al. Initiating Insulin Therapy in Type 2 Diabetes: A comparison of biphasic and basal insulin analogs. Diabetes Care. 2005;28(2):260-265. doi:10.2337/diacare.28.2.260
63.
Davies M, Storms F, Shutler S, Bianchi-Biscay M, Gomis R. Improvement of Glycemic Control in Subjects With Poorly Controlled Type 2 Diabetes: Comparison of two treatment algorithms using insulin glargine. Diabetes Care. 2005;28(6):1282-1288. doi:10.2337/diacare.28.6.1282
64.
Htike ZZ, Zaccardi F, Papamargaritis D, Webb DR, Khunti K, Davies MJ. Efficacy and safety of glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists in type 2 diabetes: A systematic review and mixed-treatment comparison analysis. Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism. 2017;19(4):524-536. doi:10.1111/dom.12849
65.
Htike ZZ, Zaccardi F, Papamargaritis D, Webb DR, Khunti K, Davies MJ. Efficacy and safety of glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists in type 2 diabetes: A systematic review and mixed-treatment comparison analysis. Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism. 2017;19(4):524-536. doi:10.1111/dom.12849
66.
Amori RE, Lau J, Pittas AG. Efficacy and Safety of Incretin Therapy in Type 2 Diabetes. JAMA. 2007;298(2). doi:10.1001/jama.298.2.194
67.
Buse JB, Drucker DJ, Taylor KL, et al. DURATION-1: Exenatide Once Weekly Produces Sustained Glycemic Control and Weight Loss Over 52 Weeks. Diabetes Care. 2010;33(6):1255-1261. doi:10.2337/dc09-1914
68.
Buse JB, Bergenstal RM, Glass LC, et al. Use of Twice-Daily Exenatide in Basal Insulin–Treated Patients With Type 2 Diabetes. Annals of Internal Medicine. 2011;154(2). doi:10.7326/0003-4819-154-2-201101180-00300
69.
Buse JB, Rosenstock J, Sesti G, et al. Liraglutide once a day versus exenatide twice a day for type 2 diabetes: a 26-week randomised, parallel-group, multinational, open-label trial (LEAD-6). The Lancet. 2009;374(9683):39-47. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(09)60659-0
70.
Nauck MA, Meier JJ. The incretin effect in healthy individuals and those with type 2 diabetes: physiology, pathophysiology, and response to therapeutic interventions. The Lancet Diabetes & Endocrinology. 2016;4(6):525-536. doi:10.1016/S2213-8587(15)00482-9
71.
Marso SP, Daniels GH, Brown-Frandsen K, et al. Liraglutide and Cardiovascular Outcomes in Type 2 Diabetes. New England Journal of Medicine. 2016;375(4):311-322. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1603827
72.
Liraglutide and Cardiovascular Outcomes in Type 2 Diabetes. New England Journal of Medicine. 2016;375(18):1797-1799. doi:10.1056/NEJMc1611289
73.
Courtney H, Nayar R, Rajeswaran C, Jandhyala R. Long-term management of type 2 diabetes with glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists. Diabetes, Metabolic Syndrome and Obesity: Targets and Therapy. 2017;Volume 10:79-87. doi:10.2147/DMSO.S126763
74.
Rotz ME, Ganetsky VS, Sen S, Thomas TF. Implications of incretin-based therapies on cardiovascular disease. International Journal of Clinical Practice. 2015;69(5):531-549. doi:10.1111/ijcp.12572
75.
Levin PA, Nguyen H, Wittbrodt E, Kim SC. Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists: a systematic review of comparative effectiveness research. Diabetes, Metabolic Syndrome and Obesity: Targets and Therapy. 2017;Volume 10:123-139. doi:10.2147/DMSO.S130834
76.
Riddle MC, Aronson R, Home P, et al. Adding Once-Daily Lixisenatide for Type 2 Diabetes Inadequately Controlled by Established Basal Insulin: A 24-week, randomized, placebo-controlled comparison (GetGoal-L). Diabetes Care. 2013;36(9):2489-2496. doi:10.2337/dc12-2454
77.
Dungan KM, Povedano ST, Forst T, et al. Once-weekly dulaglutide versus once-daily liraglutide in metformin-treated patients with type 2 diabetes (AWARD-6): a randomised, open-label, phase 3, non-inferiority trial. The Lancet. 2014;384(9951):1349-1357. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(14)60976-4
78.
Nauck M, Weinstock RS, Umpierrez GE, Guerci B, Skrivanek Z, Milicevic Z. Efficacy and Safety of Dulaglutide Versus Sitagliptin After 52 Weeks in Type 2 Diabetes in a Randomized Controlled Trial (AWARD-5). Diabetes Care. 2014;37(8):2149-2158. doi:10.2337/dc13-2761
79.
Effects of intensive glucose control on microvascular outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes: a meta-analysis of individual participant data from randomised controlled trials- ClinicalKey. https://www.clinicalkey.com/#!/content/playContent/1-s2.0-S2213858717301043?returnurl=null&referrer=null
80.
Safety and insulin: Implementation of national guidance at a local level | Journal Content | Diabetesonthenet.com. http://www.diabetesonthenet.com/journal-content/view/safety-and-insulin-implementation-of-national-guidance-at-a-local-level
81.
Davies M, Dahl D, Heise T, Kiljanski J, Mathieu C. Introduction of biosimilar insulins in Europe. Diabetic Medicine. 2017;34(10):1340-1353. doi:10.1111/dme.13400
82.
Crasto W, Jarvis J, Davies MJ. Handbook of Insulin Therapies. Adis; 2016. http://le.alma.exlibrisgroup.com/view/action/uresolver.do?operation=resolveService&package_service_id=5664687440002746&institutionId=2746&customerId=2745
83.
Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes--2015: Summary of Revisions. Diabetes Care. 2015;38(Supplement_1):S4-S4. doi:10.2337/dc15-S003
84.
Minimizing Hypoglycemia in Diabetes: Table 1. Diabetes Care. 2015;38(8):1583-1591. doi:10.2337/dc15-0279
85.
Grammes J, Stock W, Mann CG, Flynn EM, Kubiak T. Focus group study to identify the central facets of fear of hypoglycaemia in people with Type 2 diabetes mellitus. Diabetic Medicine. Published online 30 August 2017. doi:10.1111/dme.13506
86.
Carver C. Insulin Treatment and the Problem of Weight Gain in Type 2 Diabetes. The Diabetes Educator. 2006;32(6):910-917. doi:10.1177/0145721706294259
87.
Mäkimattila S, Nikkilä K, Yki-Järvinen H. Causes of weight gain during insulin therapy with and without metformin in patients with Type II diabetes mellitus. Diabetologia. 1999;42(4):406-412. doi:10.1007/s001250051172
88.
Villani M, de Courten B, Zoungas S. Emergency treatment of hypoglycaemia: a guideline and evidence review. Diabetic Medicine. 2017;34(9):1205-1211. doi:10.1111/dme.13379
89.
Simmons RK, Borch-Johnsen K, Lauritzen T, et al. A randomised trial of the effect and cost-effectiveness of early intensive multifactorial therapy on 5-year cardiovascular outcomes in individuals with screen-detected type 2 diabetes: the Anglo–Danish–Dutch Study of Intensive Treatment in People with Screen-Detected Diabetes in Primary Care (ADDITION-Europe) study. Health Technology Assessment. 2016;20(64):1-86. doi:10.3310/hta20640
90.
Kamlesh Khunti. Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Response Rates and Diagnostic Yield of Screening for Type 2 Diabetes and Those at High Risk of Diabetes. PLoS ONE. 2015;10(9). doi:doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0135702
91.
Tao L, Wilson ECF, Wareham NJ, et al. Cost-effectiveness of intensive multifactorial treatment compared with routine care for individuals with screen-detected Type 2 diabetes: analysis of the ADDITION-UK cluster-randomized controlled trial. Diabetic Medicine. 2015;32(7):907-919. doi:10.1111/dme.12711
92.
Gray LJ, Khunti K, Wilmot EG, Yates T, Davies MJ. External validation of two diabetes risk scores in a young UK South Asian population. Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice. 2014;104(3):451-458. doi:10.1016/j.diabres.2014.03.018
93.
Gray LJ, Khunti K, Edwardson C, et al. Implementation of the automated Leicester Practice Risk Score in two diabetes prevention trials provides a high yield of people with abnormal glucose tolerance. Diabetologia. 2012;55(12):3238-3244. doi:10.1007/s00125-012-2725-8
94.
Johnston BC, Kanters S, Bandayrel K, et al. Comparison of Weight Loss Among Named Diet Programs in Overweight and Obese Adults. JAMA. 2014;312(9). doi:10.1001/jama.2014.10397
95.
Steven S, Hollingsworth KG, Al-Mrabeh A, et al. Very Low-Calorie Diet and 6 Months of Weight Stability in Type 2 Diabetes: Pathophysiological Changes in Responders and Nonresponders. Diabetes Care. 2016;39(5):808-815. doi:10.2337/dc15-1942
96.
Steven S, Taylor R. Restoring normoglycaemia by use of a very low calorie diet in long- and short-duration Type 2 diabetes. Diabetic Medicine. 2015;32(9):1149-1155. doi:10.1111/dme.12722
97.
Persaud SJ, Jones PM. A Wake-up Call for Type 2 Diabetes? New England Journal of Medicine. 2016;375(11):1090-1092. doi:10.1056/NEJMcibr1607950
98.
Dhatariya KK, Skedgel C, Fordham R. The cost of treating diabetic ketoacidosis in the UK: a national survey of hospital resource use. Diabetic Medicine. 2017;34(10):1361-1366. doi:10.1111/dme.13427
99.
Crasto W, Jarvis J, Davies MJ. Handbook of Insulin Therapies. Adis; 2016. http://le.alma.exlibrisgroup.com/view/action/uresolver.do?operation=resolveService&package_service_id=5664687440002746&institutionId=2746&customerId=2745
100.
Davies MJ, Heller S, Skinner TC, et al. Effectiveness of the diabetes education and self management for ongoing and newly diagnosed (DESMOND) programme for people with newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes: cluster randomised controlled trial. BMJ. 2008;336(7642):491-495. doi:10.1136/bmj.39474.922025.BE
101.
Gallwitz B, Rosenstock J, Rauch T, et al. 2-year efficacy and safety of linagliptin compared with glimepiride in patients with type 2 diabetes inadequately controlled on metformin: a randomised, double-blind, non-inferiority trial. The Lancet. 2012;380(9840):475-483. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(12)60691-6
102.
Diamant M, Van Gaal L, Stranks S, et al. Once weekly exenatide compared with insulin glargine titrated to target in patients with type 2 diabetes (DURATION-3): an open-label randomised trial. The Lancet. 2010;375(9733):2234-2243. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(10)60406-0
103.
Marso SP, Daniels GH, Brown-Frandsen K, et al. Liraglutide and Cardiovascular Outcomes in Type 2 Diabetes. New England Journal of Medicine. 2016;375(4):311-322. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1603827
104.
Wanner C, Inzucchi SE, Lachin JM, et al. Empagliflozin and Progression of Kidney Disease in Type 2 Diabetes. New England Journal of Medicine. 2016;375(4):323-334. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1515920
105.
Empagliflozin and Progression of Kidney Disease in Type 2 Diabetes. New England Journal of Medicine. 2016;375(18):1799-1802. doi:10.1056/NEJMc1611290
106.
Bethel MA, Engel SS, Green JB, et al. Assessing the Safety of Sitagliptin in Older Participants in the Trial Evaluating Cardiovascular Outcomes With Sitagliptin (TECOS). Diabetes Care. Published online 5 January 2017. doi:10.2337/dc16-1135
107.
Merlin C. Thomas. Systematic Literature Review of DPP-4 Inhibitors in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and Renal Impairment. Diabetes Therapy. 2016;7(3). doi:doi: 10.1007/s13300-016-0189-4
108.
Paul Craddy. Comparative Effectiveness of Dipeptidylpeptidase-4 Inhibitors in Type 2 Diabetes: A Systematic Review and Mixed Treatment Comparison. Diabetes Therapy. 2014;5(1). doi:doi: 10.1007/s13300-014-0061-3
109.
Bennett WL, Maruthur NM, Singh S, et al. Comparative Effectiveness and Safety of Medications for Type 2 Diabetes: An Update Including New Drugs and 2-Drug Combinations. Annals of Internal Medicine. 2011;154(9). doi:10.7326/0003-4819-154-9-201105030-00336
110.
Green JB, Bethel MA, Armstrong PW, et al. Effect of Sitagliptin on Cardiovascular Outcomes in Type 2 Diabetes. New England Journal of Medicine. 2015;373(3):232-242. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1501352
111.
Min SH, Yoon JH, Hahn S, Cho YM. Comparison between SGLT2 inhibitors and DPP4 inhibitors added to insulin therapy in type 2 diabetes: a systematic review with indirect comparison meta-analysis. Diabetes/Metabolism Research and Reviews. 2017;33(1). doi:10.1002/dmrr.2818
112.
Capehorn M, Polonsky WH, Edelman S, et al. Challenges faced by physicians when discussing the Type 2 diabetes diagnosis with patients: insights from a cross-national study (IntroDia ). Diabetic Medicine. Published online March 2017. doi:10.1111/dme.13357
113.
Deacon CF, Lebovitz HE. Comparative review of dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors and sulphonylureas. Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism. 2016;18(4):333-347. doi:10.1111/dom.12610
114.
Mishriky BM, Cummings DM, Tanenberg RJ. The efficacy and safety of DPP4 inhibitors compared to sulfonylureas as add-on therapy to metformin in patients with Type 2 diabetes: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice. 2015;109(2):378-388. doi:10.1016/j.diabres.2015.05.025
115.
Daly H, Davies M, Barnett J, et al. Development of a self-management education module for those with type 2 diabetes on injectable therapies. Practical Diabetes. 2015;32(8):305-310a. doi:10.1002/pdi.1979
116.
Nauck M. Incretin therapies: highlighting common features and differences in the modes of action of glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists and dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors. Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism. 2016;18(3):203-216. doi:10.1111/dom.12591
117.
Frandsen CSS, Madsbad S. Efficacy and safety of dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors as an add-on to insulin treatment in patients with Type 2 diabetes: a review. Diabetic Medicine. 2014;31(11):1293-1300. doi:10.1111/dme.12561
118.
Hadjiconstantinou M, Byrne J, Bodicoat DH, et al. Do Web-Based Interventions Improve Well-Being in Type 2 Diabetes? A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Journal of Medical Internet Research. 2016;18(10). doi:10.2196/jmir.5991
119.
Young-Hyman D, de Groot M, Hill-Briggs F, Gonzalez JS, Hood K, Peyrot M. Erratum. Psychosocial Care for People With Diabetes: A Position Statement of the American Diabetes Association. Diabetes Care 2016;39:2126–2140. Diabetes Care. 2017;40(2):287.1-287. doi:10.2337/dc17-er02
120.
Tanner M. Review: In type 2 diabetes, adding dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors to sulphonylureas increases hypoglycemia. Annals of Internal Medicine. 2016;165(4). doi:10.7326/ACPJC-2016-165-4-020
121.
Mishriky BM, Cummings DM, Tanenberg RJ. The efficacy and safety of DPP4 inhibitors compared to sulfonylureas as add-on therapy to metformin in patients with Type 2 diabetes: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice. 2015;109(2):378-388. doi:10.1016/j.diabres.2015.05.025
122.
Bailey CJ, Gross JL, Pieters A, Bastien A, List JF. Effect of dapagliflozin in patients with type 2 diabetes who have inadequate glycaemic control with metformin: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. The Lancet. 2010;375(9733):2223-2233. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(10)60407-2
123.
Nauck MA, Meininger G, Sheng D, Terranella L, Stein PP. Efficacy and safety of the dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor, sitagliptin, compared with the sulfonylurea, glipizide, in patients with type 2 diabetes inadequately controlled on metformin alone: a randomized, double-blind, non-inferiority trial. Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism. 2007;9(2):194-205. doi:10.1111/j.1463-1326.2006.00704.x
124.
Marso SP, Bain SC, Consoli A, et al. Semaglutide and Cardiovascular Outcomes in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes. New England Journal of Medicine. 2016;375(19):1834-1844. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1607141
125.
Anderson B, Funnell M, American Diabetes Association. The Art of Empowerment: Stories and Strategies for Diabetes Educators. 2nd ed. American Diabetes Association; 2005.
126.
Crasto W, Jarvis J, Davies MJ. Handbook of Insulin Therapies. Adis; 2016. http://le.alma.exlibrisgroup.com/view/action/uresolver.do?operation=resolveService&package_service_id=5664687440002746&institutionId=2746&customerId=2745
127.
Schauer PR, Kashyap SR, Wolski K, et al. Bariatric Surgery versus Intensive Medical Therapy in Obese Patients with Diabetes. New England Journal of Medicine. 2012;366(17):1567-1576. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1200225
128.
Leff DR, Heath D. Surgery for obesity in adulthood. BMJ. 2009;339(sep22 1):b3402-b3402. doi:10.1136/bmj.b3402
129.
Sjöström L, Lindroos AK, Peltonen M, et al. Lifestyle, Diabetes, and Cardiovascular Risk Factors 10 Years after Bariatric Surgery. New England Journal of Medicine. 2004;351(26):2683-2693. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa035622
130.
Schauer PR, Bhatt DL, Kirwan JP, et al. Bariatric Surgery versus Intensive Medical Therapy for Diabetes — 5-Year Outcomes. New England Journal of Medicine. 2017;376(7):641-651. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1600869
131.
Schauer PR, Kashyap SR, Wolski K, et al. Bariatric Surgery versus Intensive Medical Therapy in Obese Patients with Diabetes. New England Journal of Medicine. 2012;366(17):1567-1576. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1200225
132.
Brown J, Alwan NA, West J, et al. Lifestyle interventions for the treatment of women with gestational diabetes. In: Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd; 1996. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD011970.pub2
133.
Kenneth Hodson. Gestational diabetes: emerging concepts in pathophysiology. Obstetric Medicine. 2010;3(4). doi:doi: 10.1258/om.2010.100025
134.
Latika Sahu. Comparison of the American Diabetes Association and World Health Organization criteria for gestational diabetes mellitus and the outcomes of pregnancy. Obstetric Medicine. 2009;2(4). doi:doi: 10.1258/om.2009.080049
135.
Moreno-Castilla C, Mauricio D, Hernandez M. Role of Medical Nutrition Therapy in the Management of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus. Current Diabetes Reports. 2016;16(4). doi:10.1007/s11892-016-0717-7
136.
Postnatal testing following gestational diabetes- ClinicalKey. https://www.clinicalkey.com/#!/content/playContent/1-s2.0-S2213858715003228?returnurl=null&referrer=null
137.
Birkeland KI. Hyperglycaemia in pregnancy: still a lot to learn. The Lancet Diabetes & Endocrinology. 2015;3(10):752-753. doi:10.1016/S2213-8587(15)00282-X
138.
Rinki Murphy. Monogenic diabetes and pregnancy. Obstetric Medicine. 2015;8(3). doi:doi: 10.1177/1753495X15590713
139.
Stewart ZA, Wilinska ME, Hartnell S, et al. Closed-Loop Insulin Delivery during Pregnancy in Women with Type 1 Diabetes. New England Journal of Medicine. 2016;375(7):644-654. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1602494
140.
Yeh JS, Kushner RF, Schiff GD. Obesity and Management of Weight Loss. New England Journal of Medicine. 2016;375(12):1187-1189. doi:10.1056/NEJMclde1515935
141.
Unit 3 – Special care groups: A practical guide to pregnancy complicated by diabetes - Diabetes & Primary Care. http://www.diabetesandprimarycare.co.uk/journal-content/view/unit-3-special-care-groups-a-practical-guide-to-pregnancy-complicated-by-diabetes/?preview
142.
Henson, Joseph. Associations of Sedentary Time with Fat Distribution in a High-Risk Population. Published online 10 November 2014. https://lra.le.ac.uk/handle/2381/32505
143.
Crasto W, Jarvis J, Davies MJ. Handbook of Insulin Therapies. Adis; 2016. http://le.alma.exlibrisgroup.com/view/action/uresolver.do?operation=resolveService&package_service_id=5664687440002746&institutionId=2746&customerId=2745
144.
Srinivasan P, Huang GC, Amiel SA, Heaton ND. Islet cell transplantation. Postgraduate Medical Journal. 2007;83(978):224-229. doi:10.1136/pgmj.2006.053447
145.
Choudhary P, Parrott NR, Birtles L, Rutter MK. Islet cell transplantation: current status in the UK (2012). Practical Diabetes. 2012;29(7):280-285. doi:10.1002/pdi.1707
146.
Amy Kennedy. Does Exercise Improve Glycaemic Control in Type 1 Diabetes? A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. PLoS ONE. 2013;8(3). doi:doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0058861
147.
Chimen M, Kennedy A, Nirantharakumar K, Pang TT, Andrews R, Narendran P. What are the health benefits of physical activity in type 1 diabetes mellitus? A literature review. Diabetologia. 2012;55(3):542-551. doi:10.1007/s00125-011-2403-2
148.
Umpierre D. Physical Activity Advice Only or Structured Exercise Training and Association With HbA Levels in Type 2 Diabetes. JAMA. 2011;305(17). doi:10.1001/jama.2011.576
149.
Avery L, Flynn D, van Wersch A, Sniehotta FF, Trenell MI. Changing Physical Activity Behavior in Type 2 Diabetes: A systematic review and meta-analysis of behavioral interventions. Diabetes Care. 2012;35(12):2681-2689. doi:10.2337/dc11-2452
150.
Barry VW, Baruth M, Beets MW, Durstine JL, Liu J, Blair SN. Fitness vs. Fatness on All-Cause Mortality: A Meta-Analysis. Progress in Cardiovascular Diseases. 2014;56(4):382-390. doi:10.1016/j.pcad.2013.09.002
151.
Qin L, Knol MJ, Corpeleijn E, Stolk RP. Does physical activity modify the risk of obesity for type 2 diabetes: a review of epidemiological data. European Journal of Epidemiology. 2010;25(1):5-12. doi:10.1007/s10654-009-9395-y
152.
Lee IM. Physical Activity and Weight Gain Prevention. JAMA. 2010;303(12). doi:10.1001/jama.2010.312
153.
John M Jakicic. Physical activity considerations for the treatment and prevention of obesity. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2005;82(1):226S-229S. http://ajcn.nutrition.org/content/82/1/226S
154.
Heinonen I, Helajärvi H, Pahkala K, et al. Sedentary behaviours and obesity in adults: the Cardiovascular Risk in Young Finns Study. BMJ Open. 2013;3(6). doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2013-002901
155.
Sallis JF, Bull F, Guthold R, et al. Progress in physical activity over the Olympic quadrennium. The Lancet. 2016;388(10051):1325-1336. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(16)30581-5
156.
Hartman YAW, Jansen HJ, Hopman MTE, Tack CJ, Thijssen DHJ. Insulin-Associated Weight Gain in Type 2 Diabetes Is Associated With Increases in Sedentary Behavior. Diabetes Care. 2017;40(9):e120-e121. doi:10.2337/dc17-0787
157.
Michael Riddell. Exercise and Glucose Metabolism in Persons with Diabetes Mellitus: Perspectives on the Role for Continuous Glucose Monitoring. Journal of diabetes science and technology (Online). 2009;3(4). doi:doi: 10.1177/193229680900300439
