[1]
A community based primary prevention programme for type 2 diabetes integrating identification and lifestyle intervention for prevention: the Let’s Prevent Diabetes cluster randomised controlled trial- ClinicalKey: https://www-clinicalkey-com.ezproxy3.lib.le.ac.uk/#!/content/journal/1-s2.0-S0091743515003850.
[2]
Absetz, P. et al. 2009. Type 2 Diabetes Prevention in the Real World: Three-year results of the GOAL Lifestyle Implementation Trial. Diabetes Care. 32, 8 (Aug. 2009), 1418–1420. DOI:https://doi.org/10.2337/dc09-0039.
[3]
Ackermann, R.T. et al. 2008. Translating the Diabetes Prevention Program into the Community. American Journal of Preventive Medicine. 35, 4 (Oct. 2008), 357–363. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2008.06.035.
[4]
Aguiar, E.J. et al. 2016. Efficacy of the Type 2 Diabetes Prevention Using LifeStyle Education Program RCT. American Journal of Preventive Medicine. 50, 3 (Mar. 2016), 353–364. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2015.08.020.
[5]
Aune, D. et al. 2013. Whole grain and refined grain consumption and the risk of type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and dose–response meta-analysis of cohort studies. European Journal of Epidemiology. 28, 11 (Nov. 2013), 845–858. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1007/s10654-013-9852-5.
[6]
Bailey, Stephen Academic Writing : A Handbook for International Students.
[7]
Barry, E. et al. 2017. Efficacy and effectiveness of screen and treat policies in prevention of type 2 diabetes: systematic review and meta-analysis of screening tests and interventions. BMJ. (Jan. 2017). DOI:https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.i6538.
[8]
Breeze, P.R. et al. 2017. Cost-effectiveness of population-based, community, workplace and individual policies for diabetes prevention in the UK. Diabetic Medicine. 34, 8 (Aug. 2017), 1136–1144. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1111/dme.13349.
[9]
Breeze, P.R. et al. 2017. The impact of Type 2 diabetes prevention programmes based on risk-identification and lifestyle intervention intensity strategies: a cost-effectiveness analysis. Diabetic Medicine. 34, 5 (May 2017), 632–640. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1111/dme.13314.
[10]
Brown, J. et al. 1996. Lifestyle interventions for the treatment of women with gestational diabetes. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
[11]
Carlsson, L.M.S. et al. 2012. Bariatric Surgery and Prevention of Type 2 Diabetes in Swedish Obese Subjects. New England Journal of Medicine. 367, 8 (Aug. 2012), 695–704. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1112082.
[12]
Carlsson, L.M.S. et al. 2012. Bariatric Surgery and Prevention of Type 2 Diabetes in Swedish Obese Subjects. New England Journal of Medicine. 367, 8 (Aug. 2012), 695–704. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1112082.
[13]
Carter, P. et al. 2012. Dietary Recommendations for the Prevention of Type 2 diabetes: What Are They Based on? Journal of Nutrition and Metabolism. 2012, (2012), 1–6. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1155/2012/847202.
[14]
Church, T.S. et al. 2010. Effects of Aerobic and Resistance Training on Hemoglobin A                              Levels in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes. JAMA. 304, 20 (Nov. 2010). DOI:https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2010.1710.
[15]
Clinical applicability and cost-effectiveness of DIABSCORE in screening for type 2 diabetes in primary care- ClinicalKey: https://www-clinicalkey-com.ezproxy3.lib.le.ac.uk/#!/content/journal/1-s2.0-S0168822717301031.
[16]
Colberg, S.R. et al. 2010. Exercise and Type 2 Diabetes: The American College of Sports Medicine and the American Diabetes Association: joint position statement executive summary. Diabetes Care. 33, 12 (Dec. 2010), 2692–2696. DOI:https://doi.org/10.2337/dc10-1548.
[17]
Colberg, S.R. et al. 2016. Physical Activity/Exercise and Diabetes: A Position Statement of the American Diabetes Association. Diabetes Care. 39, 11 (Nov. 2016), 2065–2079. DOI:https://doi.org/10.2337/dc16-1728.
[18]
Creme, P. and Lea, M.R. 2008. Writing At University: A Guide For Students. McGraw-Hill Education.
[19]
Dagfinn Aune 2016. Whole grain consumption and risk of cardiovascular disease, cancer, and all cause and cause specific mortality: systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of prospective studies. The BMJ. 353, (2016). DOI:https://doi.org/doi:  10.1136/bmj.i2716.
[20]
Deborah F Tate 2012. Replacing caloric beverages with water or diet beverages for weight loss in adults: main results of the Choose Healthy Options Consciously Everyday (CHOICE) randomized clinical trial. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 95, 3 (2012). DOI:https://doi.org/doi:  10.3945/ajcn.111.026278.
[21]
Dhingra, R. et al. 2007. Soft Drink Consumption and Risk of Developing Cardiometabolic Risk Factors and the Metabolic Syndrome in Middle-Aged Adults in the Community. Circulation. 116, 5 (Jul. 2007), 480–488. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.107.689935.
[22]
Diff erences in the prospective association between individual plasma phospholipid saturated fatty acids and incident type 2 diabetes: the EPIC-InterAct case-cohort study: http://ac.els-cdn.com/S2213858714701469/1-s2.0-S2213858714701469-main.pdf?_tid=41970bbc-7e93-11e7-a8e5-00000aab0f01&acdnat=1502455838_1e4678aef6e5b79c43c42f6b68f370f1.
[23]
Dyson, P.A. et al. 2011. Diabetes UK evidence-based nutrition guidelines for the prevention and management of diabetes. Diabetic Medicine. 28, 11 (Nov. 2011), 1282–1288. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1464-5491.2011.03371.x.
[24]
Effect of a lifestyle intervention on weight change in south Asian individuals in the UK at high risk of type 2 diabetes: a family-cluster randomised controlled trial- ClinicalKey: https://www.clinicalkey.com/#!/content/journal/1-s2.0-S2213858713702043.
[25]
Emily A Hu 2012. White rice consumption and risk of type 2 diabetes: meta-analysis and systematic review. The BMJ. 344, (2012). DOI:https://doi.org/doi:  10.1136/bmj.e1454.
[26]
Fogelholm, M. et al. 2017. PREVIEW: Prevention of Diabetes through Lifestyle Intervention and Population Studies in Europe and around the World. Design, Methods, and Baseline Participant Description of an Adult Cohort Enrolled into a Three-Year Randomised Clinical Trial. Nutrients. 9, 6 (Jun. 2017). DOI:https://doi.org/10.3390/nu9060632.
[27]
Georgios S Papaetis 2014. Incretin-based therapies in prediabetes: Current evidence and future perspectives. World Journal of Diabetes. 5, 6 (2014). DOI:https://doi.org/doi:  10.4239/wjd.v5.i6.817.
[28]
Gillies, C.L. et al. 2007. Pharmacological and lifestyle interventions to prevent or delay type 2 diabetes in people with impaired glucose tolerance: systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ. 334, 7588 (Jan. 2007), 299–299. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.39063.689375.55.
[29]
Gopalan, A. et al. 2015. Awareness of Prediabetes and Engagement in Diabetes Risk?Reducing Behaviors. American Journal of Preventive Medicine. 49, 4 (Oct. 2015), 512–519. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2015.03.007.
[30]
Gray, L.J. et al. 2012. Detection of impaired glucose regulation and/or type 2 diabetes mellitus, using primary care electronic data, in a multiethnic UK community setting. Diabetologia. 55, 4 (Apr. 2012), 959–966. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1007/s00125-011-2432-x.
[31]
Gray, L.J. et al. 2016. Engagement, Retention, and Progression to Type 2 Diabetes: A Retrospective Analysis of the Cluster-Randomised ‘Let’s Prevent Diabetes’ Trial. PLOS Medicine. 13, 7 (Jul. 2016). DOI:https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1002078.
[32]
Gray, L.J. et al. 2010. The Leicester Risk Assessment score for detecting undiagnosed Type 2 diabetes and impaired glucose regulation for use in a multiethnic UK setting. Diabetic Medicine. 27, 8 (May 2010), 887–895. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1464-5491.2010.03037.x.
[33]
Gregg, E.W. and Shaw, J.E. 2017. Global Health Effects of Overweight and Obesity. New England Journal of Medicine. (Jun. 2017). DOI:https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMe1706095.
[34]
Hamman, R.F. et al. 2006. Effect of Weight Loss With Lifestyle Intervention on Risk of Diabetes. Diabetes Care. 29, 9 (Sep. 2006), 2102–2107. DOI:https://doi.org/10.2337/dc06-0560.
[35]
Helen C Eborall 2007. Psychological impact of screening for type 2 diabetes: controlled trial and comparative study embedded in the ADDITION (Cambridge) randomised controlled trial. BMJ : British Medical Journal. 335, 7618 (2007). DOI:https://doi.org/doi:  10.1136/bmj.39303.723449.55.
[36]
How to prevent type 2 diabetes in women with previous gestational diabetes? A systematic review of behavioural interventions- ClinicalKey: https://www.clinicalkey.com/#!/content/playContent/1-s2.0-S1751991817300785?returnurl=null&referrer=null.
[37]
Joiner, K.L. et al. 2017. Lifestyle interventions based on the diabetes prevention program delivered via eHealth: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Preventive Medicine. 100, (Jul. 2017), 194–207. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ypmed.2017.04.033.
[38]
Koivusalo, S.B. et al. 2016. Gestational Diabetes Mellitus Can Be Prevented by Lifestyle Intervention: The Finnish Gestational Diabetes Prevention Study (RADIEL). Diabetes Care. 39, 1 (Jan. 2016), 24–30. DOI:https://doi.org/10.2337/dc15-0511.
[39]
Laaksonen, D.E. et al. 2005. Physical Activity in the Prevention of Type 2 Diabetes: The Finnish Diabetes Prevention Study. Diabetes. 54, 1 (Jan. 2005), 158–165. DOI:https://doi.org/10.2337/diabetes.54.1.158.
[40]
LaMonte, M.J. 2005. Physical activity and diabetes prevention. Journal of Applied Physiology. 99, 3 (Sep. 2005), 1205–1213. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00193.2005.
[41]
Less Sitting, More Physical Activity, or Higher Fitness?- ClinicalKey: https://www-clinicalkey-com.ezproxy4.lib.le.ac.uk/#!/content/playContent/1-s2.0-S0025619615006308?returnurl=null&referrer=null.
[42]
Ley, S.H. et al. 2014. Prevention and management of type 2 diabetes: dietary components and nutritional strategies. The Lancet. 383, 9933 (Jun. 2014), 1999–2007. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(14)60613-9.
[43]
Li, R. et al. 2010. Cost-Effectiveness of Interventions to Prevent and Control Diabetes Mellitus: A Systematic Review. Diabetes Care. 33, 8 (Aug. 2010), 1872–1894. DOI:https://doi.org/10.2337/dc10-0843.
[44]
Linda Penn 2013. Importance of Weight Loss Maintenance and Risk Prediction in the Prevention of Type 2 Diabetes: Analysis of European Diabetes Prevention Study RCT. PLoS ONE. 8, 2 (2013). DOI:https://doi.org/doi:  10.1371/journal.pone.0057143.
[45]
Linda Penn 2013. Importance of Weight Loss Maintenance and Risk Prediction in the Prevention of Type 2 Diabetes: Analysis of European Diabetes Prevention Study RCT. PLoS ONE. 8, 2 (2013). DOI:https://doi.org/doi:  10.1371/journal.pone.0057143.
[46]
Lindstrom, J. et al. 2003. The Finnish Diabetes Prevention Study (DPS): Lifestyle intervention and 3-year results on diet and physical activity. Diabetes Care. 26, 12 (Dec. 2003), 3230–3236. DOI:https://doi.org/10.2337/diacare.26.12.3230.
[47]
Long, G.H. et al. 2015. Healthy behaviours and 10-year incidence of diabetes: A population cohort study. Preventive Medicine. 71, (Feb. 2015), 121–127. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ypmed.2014.12.013.
[48]
Luchsinger, J.A. et al. 2017. Metformin, Lifestyle Intervention, and Cognition in the Diabetes Prevention Program Outcomes Study. Diabetes Care. 40, 7 (Jul. 2017), 958–965. DOI:https://doi.org/10.2337/dc16-2376.
[49]
Malik, V.S. et al. 2010. Sugar-Sweetened Beverages and Risk of Metabolic Syndrome and Type 2 Diabetes: A meta-analysis. Diabetes Care. 33, 11 (Nov. 2010), 2477–2483. DOI:https://doi.org/10.2337/dc10-1079.
[50]
Malik, V.S. et al. 2013. Sugar-sweetened beverages and weight gain in children and adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 98, 4 (Oct. 2013), 1084–1102. DOI:https://doi.org/10.3945/ajcn.113.058362.
[51]
Mann, J. et al. 2016. Dietary guidelines on trial: the charges are not evidence based. The Lancet. 388, 10047 (Aug. 2016), 851–853. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31278-8.
[52]
Matti Uusitupa 2009. Ten-Year Mortality and Cardiovascular Morbidity in the Finnish Diabetes Prevention Study—Secondary Analysis of the Randomized Trial. PLoS ONE. 4, 5 (2009). DOI:https://doi.org/doi:  10.1371/journal.pone.0005656.
[53]
Nathan, D.M. et al. 2007. Impaired Fasting Glucose and Impaired Glucose Tolerance: Implications for care. Diabetes Care. 30, 3 (Mar. 2007), 753–759. DOI:https://doi.org/10.2337/dc07-9920.
[54]
Orozco, L.J. et al. 1996. Exercise or exercise and diet for preventing type 2 diabetes mellitus. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
[55]
Pan, A. et al. 2011. Red meat consumption and risk of type 2 diabetes: 3 cohorts of US adults and an updated meta-analysis. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 94, 4 (Oct. 2011), 1088–1096. DOI:https://doi.org/10.3945/ajcn.111.018978.
[56]
Pan, X.-R. et al. 1997. Effects of Diet and Exercise in Preventing NIDDM in People With Impaired Glucose Tolerance: The Da Qing IGT and Diabetes Study. Diabetes Care. 20, 4 (Apr. 1997), 537–544. DOI:https://doi.org/10.2337/diacare.20.4.537.
[57]
Rajul Parikh,Annie Mathai,Shefali Parikh,G. Chandra Sekhar,Ravi Thomas Understanding and using sensitivity, specificity and predictive values. Indian Journal of Ophthalmology.
[58]
Ramachandran, A. et al. 2006. The Indian Diabetes Prevention Programme shows that lifestyle modification and metformin prevent type 2 diabetes in Asian Indian subjects with impaired glucose tolerance (IDPP-1). Diabetologia. 49, 2 (Feb. 2006), 289–297. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1007/s00125-005-0097-z.
[59]
Schulze, M.B. 2004. Sugar-Sweetened Beverages, Weight Gain, and Incidence of Type 2 Diabetes in Young and Middle-Aged Women. JAMA. 292, 8 (Aug. 2004). DOI:https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.292.8.927.
[60]
Schwingshackl, L. et al. 2017. Food groups and risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus: a systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective studies. European Journal of Epidemiology. 32, 5 (May 2017), 363–375. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1007/s10654-017-0246-y.
[61]
Sedentary Behaviors and Subsequent Health Outcomes in Adults- ClinicalKey: https://www-clinicalkey-com.ezproxy4.lib.le.ac.uk/#!/content/journal/1-s2.0-S0749379711003126.
[62]
Sedentary Behaviors and Subsequent Health Outcomes in Adults- ClinicalKey: https://www-clinicalkey-com.ezproxy4.lib.le.ac.uk/#!/content/journal/1-s2.0-S0749379711003126.
[63]
Stefan, N. et al. 2015. A high-risk phenotype associates with reduced improvement in glycaemia during a lifestyle intervention in prediabetes. Diabetologia. 58, 12 (Dec. 2015), 2877–2884. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1007/s00125-015-3760-z.
[64]
Steven N Blair 2009. Physical inactivity: the biggest public health problem of the 21st century. British Journal of Sports Medicine. 43, (Jan. 2009), 1–2.
[65]
Sweeting, A.N. et al. 2016. Gestational Diabetes Mellitus in Early Pregnancy: Evidence for Poor Pregnancy Outcomes Despite Treatment. Diabetes Care. 39, 1 (Jan. 2016), 75–81. DOI:https://doi.org/10.2337/dc15-0433.
[66]
Thomas Yates 2012. Walking away from type 2 diabetes: trial protocol of a cluster randomised controlled trial evaluating a structured education programme in those at high risk of developing type 2 diabetes. BMC Family Practice. 13, (2012). DOI:https://doi.org/doi:  10.1186/1471-2296-13-46.
[67]
Tseng, E. et al. 2017. Metformin Use in Prediabetes Among U.S. Adults, 2005?2012. Diabetes Care. 40, 7 (Jul. 2017), 887–893. DOI:https://doi.org/10.2337/dc16-1509.
[68]
Tuomilehto, J. et al. 2001. Prevention of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus by Changes in Lifestyle among Subjects with Impaired Glucose Tolerance. New England Journal of Medicine. 344, 18 (May 2001), 1343–1350. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJM200105033441801.
[69]
Vita, P. et al. 2016. Type 2 diabetes prevention in the community: 12-Month outcomes from the Sydney Diabetes Prevention Program. Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice. 112, (Feb. 2016), 13–19. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.diabres.2015.11.010.
[70]
Webb, D.R. et al. 2011. Screening for diabetes using an oral glucose tolerance test within a western multi-ethnic population identifies modifiable cardiovascular risk: the ADDITION-Leicester study. Diabetologia. 54, 9 (Sep. 2011), 2237–2246. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1007/s00125-011-2189-2.
[71]
Wu, Y. et al. 2015. Fruit and vegetable consumption and risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus: A dose-response meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies. Nutrition, Metabolism and Cardiovascular Diseases. 25, 2 (Feb. 2015), 140–147. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.numecd.2014.10.004.
[72]
Yates, T. et al. 2011. Stand up for your health: Is it time to rethink the physical activity paradigm? Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice. 93, 2 (Aug. 2011), 292–294. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.diabres.2011.03.023.
[73]
20AD. A Systems Science Approach to the Obesity Epidemic and Prevention of Diabetes.
[74]
2017. American Diabetes Association - Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes - 2017 Summary of Revisions. Diabetes Care. 40, Supplement 1 (Jan. 2017), S4–S5. DOI:https://doi.org/10.2337/dc17-S003.
[75]
2007. Correction. Circulation. 116, 23 (Dec. 2007), e557–e557. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.107.187928.
[76]
2017. Health Effects of Overweight and Obesity in 195 Countries over 25 Years. New England Journal of Medicine. (Jun. 2017). DOI:https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1614362.
[77]
NICE - Type 2 diabetes: prevention in people at high risk | Guidance and guidelines. NICE.
[78]
2008. Nutrition Recommendations and Interventions for Diabetes: A position statement of the American Diabetes Association. Diabetes Care. 31, Supplement 1 (Jan. 2008), S61–S78. DOI:https://doi.org/10.2337/dc08-S061.
[79]
Obesity: identification, assessment and management | Guidance and guidelines | NICE.
[80]
2015. Public Health England - Diabetes prevention programmes: evidence review. Public Health England.
[81]
2002. Reduction in the Incidence of Type 2 Diabetes with Lifestyle Intervention or Metformin. New England Journal of Medicine. 346, 6 (Feb. 2002), 393–403. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa012512.
[82]
2002. Reduction in the Incidence of Type 2 Diabetes with Lifestyle Intervention or Metformin. New England Journal of Medicine. 346, 6 (Feb. 2002), 393–403. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa012512.
[83]
2007. Screening for type 2 diabetes: literature review and economic modelling. Clinical Governance: An International Journal. 12, 4 (Oct. 2007). DOI:https://doi.org/10.1108/cgij.2007.24812dae.003.
[84]
2012. The 10-Year Cost-Effectiveness of Lifestyle Intervention or Metformin for Diabetes Prevention: An intent-to-treat analysis of the DPP/DPPOS. Diabetes Care. 35, 4 (Apr. 2012), 723–730. DOI:https://doi.org/10.2337/dc11-1468.
[85]
Type 2 diabetes: prevention in people at high risk | Guidance and guidelines | NICE.