1
Holt RIG, Cockram C, Flyvbjerg A, et al. Textbook of Diabetes. 5th ed. Somerset: John Wiley & Sons, Incorporated 2016.
2
Holt RIG. Textbook of diabetes. 4th ed. Chichester: Wiley-Blackwell 2010.
3
Newman S, Newman SP, Steed L, et al. Chronic physical illness: self-management and behavioural interventions. Maidenhead, Berkshire, Eng: McGraw-Hill/Open University Press 2009.
4
State of the Nation 2016: Time to take control of diabetes - Diabetes UK. https://www.diabetes.org.uk/Professionals/Position-statements-reports/Statistics/State-of-the-Nation-2016-Time-to-take-control-of-diabetes/
5
Diabetes Prevalence 2016 (November 2016) - Diabetes UK. https://www.diabetes.org.uk/Professionals/Position-statements-reports/Statistics/Diabetes-prevalence-2016/
6
Supported self-management (Nov 2009) - Diabetes UK. https://www.diabetes.org.uk/supported-self-management
7
Shrivastava S, Shrivastava P, Ramasamy J. Role of self-care in management of diabetes mellitus. Journal of Diabetes & Metabolic Disorders. 2013;12. doi: 10.1186/2251-6581-12-14
8
Powers MA, Bardsley J, Cypress M, et al. Diabetes Self-management Education and Support in Type 2 Diabetes: A Joint Position Statement of the American Diabetes Association, the American Association of Diabetes Educators, and the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics. Diabetes Care. 2015;38:1372–82. doi: 10.2337/dc15-0730
9
Type 2 diabetes in adults: management | Guidance and guidelines | NICE.
10
Anderson RM, Funnell MM. The Art and Science of Diabetes Education A Culture Out of Balance. The Diabetes Educator. 2008;34:109–17. doi: 10.1177/0145721707312398
11
Beck J, Greenwood DA, Blanton L, et al. 2017 National Standards for Diabetes Self-Management Education and Support. Diabetes Care. Published Online First: 28 July 2017. doi: 10.2337/dci17-0025
12
E Loveman. The clinical effectiveness of diabetes education models for Type 2 diabetes: a systematic review. Published Online First: 2008.
13
Bodenheimer T. Improving Primary Care for Patients With Chronic Illness. JAMA. 2002;288. doi: 10.1001/jama.288.14.1775
14
Interaction between diabetes specialist nurses and patients during group sessions about self-management in type 2 diabetes- ClinicalKey. https://www-clinicalkey-com.ezproxy4.lib.le.ac.uk/#!/content/journal/1-s2.0-S0738399113004515
15
DESMOND - Diabetes Education and Self Management for Ongoing and Newly Diagnosed. http://www.desmond-project.org.uk
16
Skills and techniques to support people | Person-Centred Care Resource Centre. http://personcentredcare.health.org.uk/person-centred-care/self-management-support/implementing-self-management-support/practitioner/skills
17
Search results: What is the evidence on effectiveness of empowerment to improve health site:www.euro.who.int/en/data-and-evidence/evidence-informed-policy-making. http://search.who.int/search?as_sitesearch=www.euro.who.int/en/data-and-evidence/evidence-informed-policy-making&q=What+is+the+evidence+on+effectiveness+of+empowerment+to+improve+health&site=euro&client=euro&proxystylesheet=euro&output=xml_no_dtd&ie=UTF-8&ulang=en&ip=143.210.246.84&access=p&sort=date:D:L:d1&entqr=3&entqrm=0&entsp=a&lr=lang_en&wc=200&wc_mc=1&oe=UTF-8&ud=1
18
Anderson RM, Funnell MM, Butler PM, et al. Patient Empowerment: Results of a randomized controlled trial. Diabetes Care. 1995;18:943–9. doi: 10.2337/diacare.18.7.943
19
Funnell MM, Anderson RM. Empowerment and Self-Management of Diabetes. Clinical Diabetes. 2004;22:123–7. doi: 10.2337/diaclin.22.3.123
20
Funnell MM, Anderson RM. Empowerment and Self-Management of Diabetes. Clinical Diabetes. 2004;22:123–7. doi: 10.2337/diaclin.22.3.123
21
Khunti K, Gray LJ, Skinner T, et al. Effectiveness of a diabetes education and self management programme (DESMOND) for people with newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes mellitus: three year follow-up of a cluster randomised controlled trial in primary care. BMJ. 2012;344:e2333–e2333. doi: 10.1136/bmj.e2333
22
Training in flexible, intensive insulin management to enable dietary freedom in people with type 1 diabetes: dose adjustment for normal eating (DAFNE) randomised controlled trial. BMJ. 2002;325:746–746. doi: 10.1136/bmj.325.7367.746
23
Trento M, Gamba S, Gentile L, et al. Rethink Organization to iMprove Education and Outcomes (ROMEO): A multicenter randomized trial of lifestyle intervention by group care to manage type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2010;33:745–7. doi: 10.2337/dc09-2024
24
Fisher L, Polonsky WH, Hessler D, et al. A practical framework for encouraging and supporting positive behaviour change in diabetes. Diabetic Medicine. Published Online First: 21 June 2017. doi: 10.1111/dme.13414
25
The diabetes educator: trying hard, but must concentrate more on behaviour.
26
Parkin T, Barnard K, Cradock S, et al. Does professional-centred training improve consultation outcomes? Practical Diabetes International. 2006;23:253–6. doi: 10.1002/pdi.968
27
Mead N, Bower P. Patient-centredness: a conceptual framework and review of the empirical literature. Social Science & Medicine. 2000;51:1087–110. doi: 10.1016/S0277-9536(00)00098-8
28
Skinner TC, Carey ME, Cradock S, et al. ‘Educator talk’ and patient change: some insights from the DESMOND (Diabetes Education and Self Management for Ongoing and Newly Diagnosed) randomized controlled trial. Diabetic Medicine. 2008;25:1117–20. doi: 10.1111/j.1464-5491.2008.02492.x
29
Anderson RM, Funnell MM. Theory is the Cart, Vision is the Horse: Reflections on Research in Diabetes Patient Education. The Diabetes Educator. 1999;25:43–51. doi: 10.1177/014572179902500622
30
Catherine Hudon. Measuring Patients’ Perceptions of Patient-Centered Care: A Systematic Review of Tools for Family Medicine. Annals of Family Medicine. 2011;9. doi: doi: 10.1370/afm.1226
31
Skinner TC, Cradock S, Arundel F, et al. Four Theories and a Philosophy: Self-Management Education for Individuals Newly Diagnosed With Type 2 Diabetes. Diabetes Spectrum. 2003;16:75–80. doi: 10.2337/diaspect.16.2.75
32
Anderson RM, Funnell MM. Patient empowerment: reflections on the challenge of fostering the adoption of a new paradigm. Patient Education and Counseling. 2005;57:153–7. doi: 10.1016/j.pec.2004.05.008
33
Hadfield S, Hasson G. Bounce: how to bounce back from just about anything. New York: Pearson Prentice Hall Life 2009.
34
Kate Hefferon, Ilona Boniwell. Positive Psychology: Theory, Research and Applications. Open University Press 2011.
35
Mind Over Mood. http://www.mindovermood.com/
36
Brooks RB, Goldstein S. The power of resilience: achieving balance, confidence, and personal strength in your life. New York: McGraw-Hill 2004.
37
Review of Developing Resilience: a Cognitive-Behavioural Approach, Michael Neenan | The Coaching and Mentoring Network. https://new.coachingnetwork.org.uk/book_review/review-of-developing-resilience-a-cognitive-behavioural-approach-michael-neenan/
38
Investing in emotional and psychological wellbeing for patients with long-term conditions. - NHS Confederation. http://www.nhsconfed.org/resources/2012/04/investing-in-emotional-and-psychological-wellbeing-for-patients-with-long-term-conditions
39
Long-term conditions and mental health | The King’s Fund. https://www.kingsfund.org.uk/publications/long-term-conditions-and-mental-health
40
Anderson RJ, Freedland KE, Clouse RE, et al. The Prevalence of Comorbid Depression in Adults With Diabetes: A meta-analysis. Diabetes Care. 2001;24:1069–78. doi: 10.2337/diacare.24.6.1069
41
Crow S, Kendall D, Praus B, et al. Binge eating and other psychopathology in patients with type II diabetes mellitus. International Journal of Eating Disorders. 2001;30:222–6. doi: 10.1002/eat.1077
42
Fisher L, Gonzalez JS, Polonsky WH. The confusing tale of depression and distress in patients with diabetes: a call for greater clarity and precision. Diabetic Medicine. 2014;31:764–72. doi: 10.1111/dme.12428
43
Lloyd C, Smith J, Weinger K. Stress and Diabetes: A Review of the Links. Diabetes Spectrum. 2005;18:121–7. doi: 10.2337/diaspect.18.2.121
44
Nash J, Skinner T. Eating disorders in type 1 diabetes. Practical Diabetes International. 2005;22:139–45. doi: 10.1002/pdi.787
45
Polonsky WH, Fisher L, Earles J, et al. Assessing Psychosocial Distress in Diabetes: Development of the Diabetes Distress Scale. Diabetes Care. 2005;28:626–31. doi: 10.2337/diacare.28.3.626
46
van de Laar FA, van de Lisdonk EH, Lucassen PLBJ, et al. Eating behaviour and adherence to diet in patients with Type 2 diabetes mellitus. Diabetic Medicine. 2006;23:788–94. doi: 10.1111/j.1464-5491.2006.01885.x
47
Depression in adults with a chronic physical health problem: recognition and management | Guidance and guidelines | NICE.
48
Hessler DM, Fisher L, Polonsky WH, et al. Diabetes distress is linked with worsening diabetes management over time in adults with Type 1 diabetes. Diabetic Medicine. Published Online First: 18 June 2017. doi: 10.1111/dme.13381
49
Boon-How Chew. Psychological aspects of diabetes care: Effecting behavioral change in patients. World Journal of Diabetes. 2014;5. doi: doi: 10.4239/wjd.v5.i6.796
50
Investing in emotional and psychological wellbeing for patients with long-term conditions.
51
Constructs of depression and distress in diabetes: time for an appraisal- ClinicalKey. https://www-clinicalkey-com.ezproxy3.lib.le.ac.uk/#!/content/journal/1-s2.0-S2213858715001357
52
Fisher L, Polonsky WH, Hessler D, et al. A practical framework for encouraging and supporting positive behaviour change in diabetes. Diabetic Medicine. 2017;34:1658–66. doi: 10.1111/dme.13414
53
Coulter A, Entwistle VA, Eccles A, et al. Personalised care planning for adults with chronic or long-term health conditions. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. Published Online First: 1 September 1996. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD010523.pub2
54
Silverman J. Skills for communicating with patients. Third edition, new and updated edition. Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press 2013.
55
How to Prepare for a Diabetes Checkup: Diabetes Forecast®. http://www.diabetesforecast.org/2014/Jan/how-to-prepare-for-a-diabetes.html?referrer=https://www.google.co.uk/
56
NHS England » Improving Access with group consultations for diabetes in Slough. https://www.england.nhs.uk/gp/case-studies/diabetes-slough/
57
Preparation for Care Planning — Diabetes in Berkshire West. http://www.berkshirewestdiabetes.org.uk/professionals/care-planning/preparation-for-care-planning
58
Knight KM, Dornan T, Bundy C. The diabetes educator: trying hard, but must concentrate more on behaviour. Diabetic Medicine. 2006;23:485–501. doi: 10.1111/j.1464-5491.2005.01802.x
59
Joseph-Williams N, Elwyn G, Edwards A. Knowledge is not power for patients: A systematic review and thematic synthesis of patient-reported barriers and facilitators to shared decision making. Patient Education and Counseling. 2014;94:291–309. doi: 10.1016/j.pec.2013.10.031
60
Ukoumunne OC, Vaidya B, Frost J, et al. A preconsultation web-based tool to generate an agenda for discussion in diabetes outpatient clinics to improve patient outcomes (DIAT): a feasibility study. BMJ Open. 2017;7. doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2016-013519
61
Byrne JL, Davies MJ, Willaing I, et al. Deficiencies in postgraduate training for healthcare professionals who provide diabetes education and support: results from the Diabetes Attitudes, Wishes and Needs (DAWN2) study. Diabetic Medicine. 2017;34:1074–83. doi: 10.1111/dme.13334
62
Jansink R, Braspenning J, Laurant M, et al. Minimal improvement of nurses’ motivational interviewing skills in routine diabetes care one year after training: a cluster randomized trial. BMC Family Practice. 2013;14. doi: 10.1186/1471-2296-14-44
63
Trento M, Passera P, Tomalino M, et al. Group Visits Improve Metabolic Control in Type 2 Diabetes: A 2-year follow-up. Diabetes Care. 2001;24:995–1000. doi: 10.2337/diacare.24.6.995
64
Holmström I, Larsson J, Lindberg E, et al. Improving the diabetes-patient encounter by reflective tutoring for staff. Patient Education and Counseling. 2004;53:325–32. doi: 10.1016/j.pec.2003.12.013
65
Martinez LS, Schwartz JS, Freres D, et al. Patient–clinician information engagement increases treatment decision satisfaction among cancer patients through feeling of being informed. Patient Education and Counseling. 2009;77:384–90. doi: 10.1016/j.pec.2009.09.008
66
Mudge S, Kayes N, McPherson K. Who is in control? Clinicians’ view on their role in self-management approaches: a qualitative metasynthesis. BMJ Open. 2015;5:e007413–e007413. doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2014-007413
67
Kennedy A, Rogers A, Bowen R, et al. Implementing, embedding and integrating self-management support tools for people with long-term conditions in primary care nursing: A qualitative study. International Journal of Nursing Studies. 2014;51:1103–13. doi: 10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2013.11.008
68
Macdonald W, Rogers A, Blakeman T, et al. Practice nurses and the facilitation of self-management in primary care. Journal of Advanced Nursing. 2008;62:191–9. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2648.2007.04585.x
69
Stuckey HL, Vallis M, Kovacs Burns K, et al. "I Do My Best To Listen to Patients”: Qualitative Insights Into DAWN2 (Diabetes Psychosocial Care From the Perspective of Health Care Professionals in the Second Diabetes Attitudes, Wishes and Needs Study). Clinical Therapeutics. 2015;37:1986-1998.e12. doi: 10.1016/j.clinthera.2015.06.010
70
Pill, R. Can nurses learn to let go? Issues arising from an intervention designed to improve patients’ involvement in their own care. Pill, R. ;29:1492–9.
71
Ferrari M, Dal Cin M, Steele M. Self-compassion is associated with optimum self-care behaviour, medical outcomes and psychological well-being in a cross-sectional sample of adults with diabetes. Diabetic Medicine. 2017;34:1546–53. doi: 10.1111/dme.13451
72
Newman, Stanton Mulligan, Kathleen Steedley, Elizabeth. Self-Management in Chronic Physical Illness. Open University Press 2008.
73
Self-management of diabetes in hospital (March 2012) - Diabetes UK. https://www.diabetes.org.uk/About_us/What-we-say/Specialist-care-for-children-and-adults-and-complications/Self-management-of-diabetes-in-hospital/
74
Deakin T. The diabetes pandemic: is structured education the solution or an unnecessary expense? Practical Diabetes. 2011;28:1–14. doi: 10.1002/pdi.1635
75
Deakin TA, Cade JE, Williams R, et al. Structured patient education: the Diabetes X-PERT Programme makes a difference. Diabetic Medicine. 2006;23:944–54. doi: 10.1111/j.1464-5491.2006.01906.x
76
Michie S, Richardson M, Johnston M, et al. The Behavior Change Technique Taxonomy (v1) of 93 Hierarchically Clustered Techniques: Building an International Consensus for the Reporting of Behavior Change Interventions. Annals of Behavioral Medicine. 2013;46:81–95. doi: 10.1007/s12160-013-9486-6
77
Skinner TC, Carey ME, Cradock S, et al. Diabetes education and self-management for ongoing and newly diagnosed (DESMOND): Process modelling of pilot study. Patient Education and Counseling. 2006;64:369–77. doi: 10.1016/j.pec.2006.04.007
78
Khunti K, Gray LJ, Skinner T, et al. Effectiveness of a diabetes education and self management programme (DESMOND) for people with newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes mellitus: three year follow-up of a cluster randomised controlled trial in primary care. BMJ. 2012;344:e2333–e2333. doi: 10.1136/bmj.e2333
79
Training in flexible, intensive insulin management to enable dietary freedom in people with type 1 diabetes: dose adjustment for normal eating (DAFNE) randomised controlled trial. BMJ. 2002;325:746–746. doi: 10.1136/bmj.325.7367.746
80
Trento M, Gamba S, Gentile L, et al. Rethink Organization to iMprove Education and Outcomes (ROMEO): A multicenter randomized trial of lifestyle intervention by group care to manage type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2010;33:745–7. doi: 10.2337/dc09-2024
81
Sturt JA, Whitlock S, Fox C, et al. Effects of the Diabetes Manual 1:1 structured education in primary care. Diabetic Medicine. 2008;25:722–31. doi: 10.1111/j.1464-5491.2008.02451.x
82
Original Article: Psychological Issues and EducationOriginal articleEffects of the Diabetes Manual 1:1 structured education in primary care.
83
Moore GF, Audrey S, Barker M, et al. Process evaluation of complex interventions: Medical Research Council guidance. BMJ. 2015;350:h1258–h1258. doi: 10.1136/bmj.h1258
84
Brown SA. Studies of educational interventions and outcomes in diabetic adults: A meta-analysis revisited. Patient Education and Counseling. 1990;16:189–215. doi: 10.1016/0738-3991(90)90070-2
85
SUSAN L. NORRIS,MICHAEL M. ENGELGAU,K. M. VENKAT NARAYAN. Effectiveness of Self-Management Training in Type 2 Diabetes. Diabetes Care.
86
Susan L. Norris,Joseph Lau,S. Jay Smith,Christopher H. Schmid,Michael M. Engelgau. Self-management education for adults with type 2 diabetes: a meta-analysis of the effect on glycemic control. (Epidemiology/Health Services/Psychosocial Research). Diabetes Care.
87
Group based training for self-management strategies in people with type 2 diabetes mellitus - Deakin - 2005 - The Cochrane Library - Wiley Online Library.
88
E Loveman. The clinical effectiveness of diabetes education models for Type 2 diabetes: a systematic review. Published Online First: 2008.
89
Steinsbekk A, Rygg L, Lisulo M, et al. Group based diabetes self-management education compared to routine treatment for people with type 2 diabetes mellitus. A systematic review with meta-analysis. BMC Health Services Research. 2012;12. doi: 10.1186/1472-6963-12-213
90
Diabetes self-management education for adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus: A systematic review of the effect on glycemic control- ClinicalKey. https://www-clinicalkey-com.ezproxy3.lib.le.ac.uk/#!/content/journal/1-s2.0-S0738399115301166
91
Odgers-Jewell K, Ball LE, Kelly JT, et al. Effectiveness of group-based self-management education for individuals with Type 2 diabetes: a systematic review with meta-analyses and meta-regression. Diabetic Medicine. 2017;34:1027–39. doi: 10.1111/dme.13340
92
Teljeur C, Moran PS, Walshe S, et al. Economic evaluation of chronic disease self-management for people with diabetes: a systematic review. Diabetic Medicine. 2017;34:1040–9. doi: 10.1111/dme.13281
93
Carey ME, Mandalia PK, Daly H, et al. Increasing capacity to deliver diabetes self-management education: results of the DESMOND lay educator non-randomized controlled equivalence trial. Diabetic Medicine. 2014;31:1431–8. doi: 10.1111/dme.12483
94
Peter Craig. Developing and evaluating complex interventions: the new Medical Research Council guidance. The BMJ. 2008;337. doi: doi: 10.1136/bmj.a1655
95
Kadu MK, Stolee P. Facilitators and barriers of implementing the chronic care model in primary care: a systematic review. BMC Family Practice. 2015;16. doi: 10.1186/s12875-014-0219-0
96
Harris SM, Shah P, Mulnier H, et al. Factors influencing attendance at structured education for Type 1 diabetes in south London. Diabetic Medicine. 2017;34:828–33. doi: 10.1111/dme.13333
97
Coates VE, Horigan G, Davies M, et al. Exploring why young people with Type 1 diabetes decline structured education with a view to overcoming barriers. Diabetic Medicine. 2017;34:1092–9. doi: 10.1111/dme.13368
98
Graffy J, Eaton S, Sturt J, et al. Personalized care planning for diabetes: policy lessons from systematic reviews of consultation and self-management interventions. Primary Health Care Research & Development. 2009;10. doi: 10.1017/S1463423609001157
99
Effectiveness of activity trackers with and without incentives to increase physical activity (TRIPPA): a randomised controlled trial- ClinicalKey. https://www-clinicalkey-com.ezproxy4.lib.le.ac.uk/#!/content/journal/1-s2.0-S2213858716302844
100
Abedtash H, Holden RJ. Systematic review of the effectiveness of health-related behavioral interventions using portable activity sensing devices (PASDs). Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association. 2017;24:1002–13. doi: 10.1093/jamia/ocx006
101
Bailey S. Academic writing: a handbook for international students. 3rd ed. London: Routledge 2011.
102
Creme P, Lea MR. Writing At University: A Guide For Students. 3rd ed. Maidenhead: McGraw-Hill Education 2008.